Analysis of the effects of commodification on land use changes - the studied area: Shandiz city

Today, the one-dimensional view of place and space on the one hand, and the view of capital and market economy in the absence of government control and restrictions, on the other hand, is the basis for the commodification of rural spaces, especially in tourism spaces. Based on this, the present research has analyzed the effects of commodification in Shandiz tourism area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models such as density patterns, hot spot analysis models and spatial autocorrelation. The necessary information in the long term (1380-1400) has been obtained through GIS data and in the short term (1396-1400) using Sentinel satellite images. Also, in order to analyze the data, ArcGIS and TerrSet softwares were used. The obtained results show that in the period of 20 years and as a result of the commodification of villages in Shandiz region, about 700 hectares of agricultural lands and gardens have been changed, of which 39.55% have been converted into natural areas. 10.45% turned into roads and 21.82% turned into barren lands. The results of the analysis of hot spots showed that the greatest change of use occurred in the western axis of Shandiz towards the summer residences of Abardeh village. Finally, the results show that in 197 hectares (28.18%) of the lands of Shandiz region, the commodification of the village has happened as a result of tourism, which has led to land use changes in these areas.The city of Shandiz is located 15 kilometers west of Mashhad metropolis, which is the main center of leisure and tourism due to its location in the northern slopes of the Binalud highlands and having a mild climate, natural scenery, and the presence of villas. Due to the favorable location of this city in the vicinity of Mashhad, huge investments and projects have been made in the tourism sector, among which we can mention the Shandiz Phenomenon super project. Also, the presence of gardens and mild climate has greatly increased the number of garden villas and rural second homes in this area, which has caused the gradual growth of land prices in Shandiz area. Therefore, under the influence of profit-profit flow, in recent years, it has brought about many changes in the land market sector and changing the use of agricultural-horticultural lands. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the changes in the agricultural and horticultural lands as a result of the commodification of the village in Shandiz region and to answer the question that how much of the agricultural and horticultural lands of Shandiz has become the subject of village commodification and this Where are the areas located?The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. In order to measure the commodification of villages in the study area on land use changes, two long-term periods of 20 years (1380-1400) and five-year short-term periods (1396-1400) were chosen, which in the long term is due to the lack of sensor images. TM and ETM of Landsat satellite with optimal spatial resolution (30 meters) were used in the spatial resolution of the region from GIS data. But in the short term, due to the high quality of spatial resolution of the images (spatial resolution of 10 meters), Sentinel-2 satellite images have been used. Also, ArcGIS, TerrSet and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for data analysis.Also, in order to reveal the location of new uses, hot spot analysis from Gettys-Ord.J statistics has been used. In this statistic, the calculated Z score shows in which areas the uses are clustered with high or low values. The conceptual framework of this analysis works in such a way that if a complication has a high value, it is important, but this does not mean that it is a hot spot. A hot spot complication is considered when both the complication itself and the neighboring complications are statistically significant. The Z score for the final output will be obtained when the local sum of the complication and its neighbor is relatively compared with the total sum of the complications.The results of examining the pattern of spatial distribution of built uses as the commodification of the village in Shandiz show that Moran's index is 1.1. Also, the z-score value is 528.8, which according to the p-value is 0.00, the spatial distribution of users follows the cluster pattern. In fact, the results show that due to the increase in land prices and the commodification of the village in Shandiz, which has occurred due to the boom in the tourism industry in this region, in some axes such as Abardeh villas and the east-west axis of Shandiz, many agricultural lands and Gardens have turned into uses such as restaurants, rural second homes, leisure centers, etc.