Impact of Plastic Pollution on Sea Turtle Mortality, with a Focus on the Iranian Coast of the Sea of Oman

Plastic pollutants have emerged as a significant threat to the delicate ecological balance of marine ecosystems. Among the marine species profoundly impacted by these pollutants are sea turtles. Mistaking plastic for food, sea turtles ingest it, leading to blockages in their respiratory and digestive systems, ultimately resulting in their death. Research findings consistently highlight entanglement in fishing nets and suffocation due to oxygen deprivation as key contributors to sea turtle mortality. Numerous studies have demonstrated that even small amounts of plastic waste can prove fatal to sea turtles. Plastic fragments can accumulate in their digestive tracts, causing obstructions that are often lethal. This study aims to assess the impact of marine pollutants, particularly plastics, on sea turtle survival by analyzing and synthesizing existing research on sea turtle mortality, focusing on the waters surrounding Iran. The study is divided into two parts: the first part comprises a review of descriptive studies investigating the effects of plastic pollution on sea turtles, specifically those inhabiting Iranian marine regions near Oman, utilizing both domestic and international sources. The second part involves field and laboratory studies to identify turtle species and determine the causes of sea turtle mortality in the study area. In November 2017, 35 sea turtle carcasses were discovered on the shores of the Darak region in southern Sistan and Baluchistan province. Subsequent field and laboratory analyses revealed that plastic ingestion was a significant factor contributing to their demise. Coastal areas along the Sea of Oman, particularly the Darek coastal region, witness high levels of plastic pollution due to increased tourist activities, coastal developments, and the improper disposal of fishing gear, notably fishing nets. Sea turtle populations along the northern shores of the Sea of Oman are consequently exposed to various forms of marine debris. Given the destructive role of plastic pollution on turtles in the region, urgent measures are required to implement management programs aimed at reducing marine waste, with a specific focus on plastic pollutants stemming from fishing activities. Educating fishermen and local residents on sea turtle conservation practices and reviewing fishing equipment usage are crucial steps towards safeguarding these vulnerable marine creatures.