Threshold effects of good governance in relation to public spending, financial inclusion and economic growth in selected MENA countries

Many developing countries, due to the lack of good governance, government ownership of a large part of the financial system, inefficient banking services, lack of resources, the existence of a dual structure of the financial sector (formal and informal) and the dominance of the informal sector, financial institutions and institutions from They do not have optimal performance. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to investigate the role of good governance in relation to public spending, financial inclusion and economic growth. For this purpose, the panel threshold approach (PSTR) was used based on the annual data of selected countries of the MENA region during the period of 2000-2021.
The results of estimating the linear part of the model (first regime) show that financial inclusion has had positive effects on economic growth in the studied countries. It can also be seen that the increase in public spending can lead to an improvement in the level of economic growth in the studied countries. The estimation results of the nonlinear part of the model (second regime) show that the positive effect of financial inclusion variables and public expenditures on economic growth will occur in the presence of a good governance system. By comparing the coefficients of the model in two different regimes, it can be seen that when the level of good governance passes the threshold (1.03) (transition from the linear to the non-linear part), the reaction of the economic growth index to the changes of this variable will increase sharply.