Obstacles and challenges to the development of economic diplomacy in Iran (in the Pahlavi period and the Islamic Republic) and Afghanistan and solutions to overcome them

Afghanistan has many commonalities with Iran in various fields. But despite these commonalities, there are various challenges and obstacles in the path of convergence of these two countries. In the early years of the Pahlavi regime, the governments of Iran and Afghanistan postponed their fundamental differences to another time due to their efforts to stabilize their position, and for this purpose they signed the Saad Abad Treaty (Non-Aggression Pact). But the relations between the two countries did not last because Türkiye was too close to Iran. During the second Pahlavi period in the economic field, the relations between the two countries grew significantly, but the relations between the two countries faced a new challenge with the dispute over the rights of Abe Hirmand. After the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, there were ups and downs in the relations between the two countries. In the early years of the revolution and also during the period of the emergence of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the relations between the two countries were cut off. After the formation of the elected government in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, while supporting the government of this country, played an important role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. However, despite the deep social relations between the two countries, efficient economic diplomacy has not dominated the relations between the two countries in any of the periods after and before the revolution. It seems that the lack of unity of opinion and coordination of the country's officials