The Encounter of Iranian Writers of Travelogue with the Manifestations of New Civilization in Istanbul and Egypt, Emphasizing on Travelogues of Hajj and Sacred Threshold

Considering that Hijaz was located in the territory of the Ottoman government, Iranian pilgrims used to go there to visit the sacred thresholds and Jerusalem and perform Hajj rituals. In the territory of Ottoman Empire (678 -1341A. H.), especially in Istanbul and Egypt, they witnessed some innovations surprising and wonderful for them, so that they reflected their observations in their writings. These pilgrims tried to share their findings with their countrymen through the travelogues.The question of this research is to what extent the encounter of Iranian pilgrims with the elements of Western civilization led to new questions in their minds in terms of epistemology. This research done through the descriptive-analytical method and mainly based on the information available in the travelogues and some other research works, has come to the conclusion that the encounter of Iranian pilgrims with the new manifestations of Western civilization was surprise toward cultural, artistic, social and industrial domains that led some of them to transfer this technology to Iran.