Epigenetic Factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor that arises with high morbidity, having a rather very poor prognosis with only 5.5% five-year survival. Such tumors exhibit aggressive behavior due to intrinsic heterogeneity, glioma stem cell dynamics, and resistance to conventional and emerging therapies. Epigenetic modifications are highlighted in recent studies to be of importance for DNA methylation and histone modifications in the tumorigenesis and progression of GBM. Additionally, some aberrant signaling pathways have been identified, including Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt, which might act as both a driving force in the tumor microenvironment and a promising therapeutic target. Improved understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBM has led to ongoing efforts toward personalized medicine and novel therapeutic strategies in a continuous quest to improve patient outcomes in this challenging malignancy. The present manuscript reviews the current knowledge of the epigenetic landscape, signaling networks, and resulting treatment implications associated with glioblastoma, hence underlining the urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches tailored to specific patient profiles.