A Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) encounter considerable challenges in terms of energy efficiency and network longevity due to their limited energy resources. This paper proposes a novel hybrid clustering-based routing protocol that addresses these challenges by integrating fuzzy logic for dynamic and adaptive cluster head (CH) selection based on residual energy, node degree, and proximity, and genetic algorithms (GA) for optimising cluster formation by balancing energy consumption and minimising communication distances. The protocol's objectives are threefold: to minimise energy consumption, extend network lifespan, and enhance Quality of Service (QoS).The proposed method was simulated in MATLAB and benchmarked against the LEACH and TEEN protocols. The results demonstrated the protocol's superior performance, achieving a 30% reduction in energy consumption, a 25% increase in network longevity, and higher data reliability. The primary factors contributing to this enhanced performance are the integrated use of fuzzy logic for optimised cluster head selection and genetic algorithms for optimal cluster formation. The findings substantiate the protocol's capacity to substantially enhance the energy efficiency and scalability of WSNs, providing a resilient and pragmatic solution for practical applications in real-world settings.