Kamal, Gamal, Hamal

The archaic Persian word "Kamal" or its other form "Gamal" have not been recorded into authoritative and current dictionaries. This has caused them to be identified with the word "Hamal" which possesses a close orthographic and phonetic form to Kamal and Gamal and therefore, turned into Hamal. And since the latter did not fit into some contexts semantically, new artificial meanings were attributed to it. This paper, based on analyzing some misreadings in ancient texts, especially different versions of Shahnameh, suggests that Kamal or Gamal substitute Hamal. This clarifies the meaning of some verses in Shahnameh and revives these two archaic words.