Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disorder of the tear film and ocular surface that results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance, and often ocular surface damage. Studies suggest that the prevalence of clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome (DES) is 0.4%. to 0.5%, which is highest among women and the elderly. The burden of DES can be substantial, affecting visual function, daily activities, social and physical functioning, work place productivity and quality of life. This article discusses the normal anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal functional unit and tear film; pathophysiology of DES; DES etiology; classifications and risk factors; and DES diagnosis and management.