Certain kinds of land use can change the hydrology of the Watershed, altering the way water and pollutants move through the drainage basin. For example, as an area of land is converted from open space (e.g., woodland) to residential, the amount of runoff for that area of land will increase as the amount of impervious surface increases. Rain, which would have once seeped into the soils beneath the forest floor and been absorbed by tree roots, instead flows off impervious surfaces (roofs, driveways, streets, parking lots, etc.) into the nearest stream, pond, or lowland area. Landuse change due to human activities is one of important issues in the regional planning. In many areas of Iran,land use and land management, regardless of land ability. This caused the loss of capital and reduce the capacity of the environment.Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements. The process of land suitability classification is the appraisal and grouping of specific areas of land in terms of their suitability for defined uses. Land evaluation is a process for matching the characteristics of land resourcesfor certain uses using a scientifically standardized technique. The results can beused as a guide by land users and planners to identify alternative land uses.
In this study, using multi-criteria decision making and GIS to modeling suitability of land for urban development, and determining the compatibility between existing applications, in Ziarat watershed of Golestan province, was investigated. Ziarat watershed is important in Golestan Province and yet critical in terms of land use change, Erosion and flooding. In This basin in recent years, regardless of ecological capability for urban development and the lack of attention happened land use change. In this study, referring to the 10 experts in the relevant fields and using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a weight for each criterion.The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology.In this study combining maps of criterion and suitability of land for urban development of SAW and TOPSIS technique was used. Finally, the study examines the compatibility between existing land use in the Ziaret watershed of Golestan province has been paid.
According to the results, the residential areas using TOPSIS and SAW techniques were 37 and 79.4 hectares of the total area of the Ziarat watershed, respectively. But the current situation residential areas in the watershed were 141.3 ha. In modeling suitability land for urban development due to the presence of spatial dependence between criterion maps, the best way to combine criteria and calculate the suitability of the user, using the TOPSIS technique. The results land uses compatibility showed that, residential land use with compatibility 0.118245 was lowest compatibility between current land uses in the watershed.
In conclusion, given the ability of GIS and multi-criteria decision-making methods in modeling the suitability of land for urban development, the magnitude of the expert opinions are more accurate and more up to date data, the use of these techniques and tools associated with a better outcome.As a result this technique is very effective in the watershed the case lack of data. Also when there exist complications due to a number of qualitative and quantitative criteria, MCDM play an important role.As the results of land suitability modeling using SAW and TOPSIS techniques with the use of specific software functionality ArcGIS 10.1 is clear that a small area of the basin have been created conditions of urban areas. These areas are mainly in places where the experts and according to the evaluation criteria studied in this research are a perfect opportunity for urban development, has been created.According to results of Land suitability modeling in the catchment area of residential areas is more than twice the land area.Also residential areas have been constructed in the basin in inappropriate places such as steep slopes and river boundaries, and have not conditions residential.

Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices are key drivers behind more effective efforts to use renewable energy sources. Renewable energies include diverse sources of natural and accessible energy. Given that these energies are not ideal, their use reduces the consumption of oil products and creates jobs and reduces the amount of environmental pollution. The prospect of using this energy in Iran, as well as other developed countries, has become significant in the way that the government has made the necessary planning in the fifth development plan. Therefore, considering the global policies of developing these energies in our country, in order to solve problems and create employment, will be inevitable. Studies in this regard suggest that the development of the use of new energy can play a significant role in increasing the security of the country's energy system. Due to low latitudes, Iran has more capability to receive this energy. To exploit this energy, there is a need to build solar power plants. Solar panels used in solar power plants are converters of solar radiation into electrical energy. One of the most important issues in using solar energy is determining where to use it, which has a great impact on the efficiency of solar power equipment. Therefore, taking advantage of the potential of the climate can have a positive effect on the conservation of energy resources. In this
regard, it is important to identify appropriate and prone areas where solar energy is sufficient and able to replace current energies.
The required data in this study was collected from the ‘Iran’s Meteorological Organization’ for 30 years and was entered into the Excel environment and analyzed. In the Arc GIS software environment, the locations of the stations, according to their geographical coordinates, were added to the digital map of the area and the database was formed. To
prepare the map of the climatic parameters, the layer for each parameter was first prepared using the IDW interpolation method in the Geo-statistical Analyst field in the ARCGIS software environment, and then, using the AHP method, an intra-layer weight was defined. By using the ‘Reclassify’ command in the ARCGIS software, each layer was classified into several classes and each class was classified according to its importance and mapped to it. Then, to obtain a final map representing potential regions, the interlayer weight was applied according to the importance and effectiveness of each layer. Then, by overlapping the weighted layers, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the ‘Spatial Analyst’ section, a map of all-potential regions that represents the areas with high potential for the construction of the power plant was obtained.
Discussion and In order to quantitatively evaluate the climate of solar power plants in the study area, the layers obtained from the sunshine, cloudy, dust, relative humidity, altitude and precipitation have been weighted. For this purpose, the weight of the effective indices has been obtained using the AHP model. Then, using the ‘Raster calculator’ command in the ARCGIS software, weighted difference maps were obtained, and finally, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the same software, the final map which is a combination of overlapping of the harmonious layers, has been obtained. At last, the final map was made up of a combination of overlapping harmonious layers and the selection of the regions with the highest capacity for the construction of solar power plants.
The method used in this study is important in determining the effective indices in locating solar stations as overlapping of the harmonious layers. This method is achieved by taking into account the relative importance of all the effective indices in the final layer, which can be more credible than other methods, because this algorithm, using degree weights, gives the power to decision- makers to place more important factors which in his view affect the problem more, in the problem with the same importance and due to this superiority, the results of this method has a better resolution.. Accordingly, the results show that Fars province has a high potential in terms of solar electrical energy which in the study area, the cities of Neyriz, Estahban and Fasa are more indicative in this regard and have higher potential. It can also be concluded that the total relative weight of all indices has a greater effect on locating and cannot be determined only by one or more of the indices.

During the 2001 World Ocean research patrol in the Caspian Sea, physical parameters of temperature, salinity and density of the Caspian Sea were measured. The range of selected stations for measuring these parameters included the entire Caspian Sea. Of course, these measurements have been taken discretely in the studied area. In the present study, the spatial modeling of these parameters have been carried out using the ArcGIS 9.2 software, and the current state of the work is the creation of continuous maps of the parameters present at various depths with high validity. These smart maps have the ability to to provide with the parameter value of each place of particular coordinates in the studied area with a mouse pointer click.

The present article aims to review the overall appearance of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari bio climate and the influence of climatic parameters on human comfort using Terjang method. The aforementioned element is applicable in many different fields, such as urban engineering, medical science, architecture, tourism, etc. In order to reach this goal, we prepared bioclimatic zoning maps on a monthly scale using Terjang zoning method and applying parameters of temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and wind hours across 8 synoptic and climatologic stations in a 50 year period (1958-2007). To produce these maps using Terjang method, we applied statistical-graphical software, elevation gradient, and especially buffering soft wares such as Arcgis 9.2, Autocad map. Data analysis in the specified period detected monthly bio climates in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari province. So that in February, just one bio climatic area (k2) is sensible across the province due to external climatic elements’ domination, while in April combined influences of external and local elements creates three bio climatic types (4W, 3M, 2C) and the influence of local elements creates two bio climates in summer (4W, 5H). In December, influential elements change and monthly bio climates return to just one bio climate (2k, very cool with cold nights -2/-3).

IntroductionDespite higher standards of living in urban areas, rapid growth of urbanization has caused some problems such as development of dense and unplanned residential areas, environmental pollution, lack of access to services and amenities, increased gap between social classes and etc. Manifested as severe differences between living standards in different parts of cities, these affect the quality of urban life. Quality of life is considered to be one of the most important dimensions of sustainable urban development. The desire to improve the quality of life in a particular space, for a particular individual or group is one of the main concerns of planners. Failure to identify factors affecting the quality of life in various human settlements will have unexpected and unfortunate consequences. With a decrease in citizens' life satisfaction, society will gradually lose its productive and capable labour force. The present study primarily seeks to find a way to objectively study and evaluate the quality of life in urban areas using remote sensing technology and GIS. Therefore, it investigates the quality of life in Zahedan and identifies possible factors improving life quality. Methods and MaterialThe present study applies a descriptive-analytical methodology. Statistical data were collected from census data of Iranian Statistics Center and maps were retrieved from Zahedan detailed plan-related service centers. Satellite images were also used. The present study applies four indicators to study the quality of life: economic, social, and environmental indicators along with access to service providing centers. Cronbach's alpha method was used in SPSS to determine the reliability of the questionnaire resulting in a coefficient of 0.723 for the previously mentioned indicators which shows high reliability of the instrument. The validity of the questionnaire was also investigated using experts' opinions. Collected data and factor analysis for economic and social variables were performed using SPSS. Criteria were weighted using Super Decision software and ArcGIS was used to combine and model the layers. Satellite images were retrieved from Google Earth Engine. Results and DiscussionIn order to investigate the socio-economic inequalities affecting quality of life, 16 parameters were extracted from the available census data and used to assess the socio-economic situation in the study area. Correlated parameters were combined using factor analysis to represent a single index. A specific name was then assigned to each factor. Indicators were normalized and aligned for the modeling stage. Fuzzy membership functions (Large, Small and Liner) were used to normalize the indicators in ArcGIS. Each index is then multiplied by the weight obtained from ANP method, and integrated using GAMMA fuzzy command. Spatial distribution of urban blocks in the central parts of the first district ranked higher in terms of economic and social indexes of life quality. Environmental indexes and access to service providing centers have a more desirable status in the second district. Parameters such as economic participation rate , housing status, air pollution and health centers had the largest impact on quality of life. Moran's spatial autocorrelation index shows a cluster pattern for quality of life in the study area. ConclusionFinal results show that access to service providing centers has the largest impact on quality of life. In general, the second district ranks higher than the first district in terms of quality of life. This city faces various economic and social limitations, while having access to many facilities: Recent droughts, universities and higher education institutions, mutual borders with neighboring countries and a large number of immigrants from Afghanistan. It is also facing hot and dry climate, a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in temperature level. The freeway located in the western part of the study area, urban expansion toward the western parts, increased constructions and increased urban density due to proximity to university centers and finally heavy traffic have caused air pollution. Also, public service centers are not evenly distributed. These are some of the most important causes of low quality of life in the study area.

According to recent study, in 2025, water shortages will be more prevalent among penurious countries; hence, a long term planning for saving water resources is necessary. One of the most important plans is building a dam on perennial rivers and the main step in this process is selecting the best place in watershed. The aim of this study is developing the multi-criteria decision support framework for dam site selection in South of Sistan Balouchestan province. A study has been made by applying GIS and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to select and prioritize potential places for constructing a dam. The criteria for dam site selection have been chosen upon scholar’s ideas and available data. They include Geology, Land use, Sediment, Water Quality, Erosion, Groundwater and Hydrology. Ratio Estimation Procedure has been used to estimate weight of criteria. First, TOPSIS method and GIS have been conflated and a geospatial layer has been created that it’s called “the relative closeness to the ideal solution” that its values are between zero and one. Second, A Model has been created based on streams and topographical conditions. This model evaluates structural height, dam crest length and volume of reservoirs and upon the results of the model, fifteen places have been selected. Finally, the sites have been prioritized by finding their values on the created layer. In conclusion, the best place is A - Kahir dam- that its value is 0.85, the worst site is P that its value is 0.47 as well as Pishin dam is the worst dam amongst all the dams that have been built in the region that its value is 0.62, also the best option is K that is located on the right side branch of Sarbaz river and its value is 0.67.

Nowadays by producing smart mobile equipment the dream of having smart and electronic partners is properly realized. On the other hand, combining of mobile facilities and Geographic Information System (GIS), Underlie the emergence of another technology known as Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS). For developing any kind of Mobile GIS we can use different architecture like stand- alone, distributed and so on. But in any architecture showing the spatial information in client side is one the most vital part of a Mobile GIS. On the other hand, since much of the Android operating system is responsible for the commercial market of mobile devices. in this study, we intend to display spatial data in the context of the Android Operating System. The conducted analysis can be considered as one of the most important studies wich are needed to develop any example of a Mobile GIS. But unfortunately, despite great the importance of this subject to date, comprehensive and technical studies in evaluating the performance of different methods is not reached. Methods examined in this study include the use of Google Map API, ArcGIS Runtime SDK, OSMDroid, MapsFroge and Nutiteq libraries. To compare of these methods, some mobile services for each of them are developed. These services were developed by Java language programming in Intellij Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Finally, after interacting with these services, strengths and weaknesses of each method was expressed. In other words, the results of this study can be considered as a good starting point for the development of a complete Mobile GIS.

Just as the reported temperature by weather station only reading of temperature inside Box Screen Regardless of other atmospheric parameters and including it is humidity so it cannot be represented our real feeling from the weather temperature because hot weather، whereas the humidity is high. It will be hotter in a way that when the temperature is 35°C with presence of relative humidity 55%the temperature will be about 43°C. In this paper، using the heat index the actual temperature feeling the in warm months، July، June and August for a period of 10 years at 40 synoptic stations in the southern half of the country are calculated and Zoning Isotherm maps real sense in ArcGIS and Were compared with Typical isotherms maps. The results showed that although the warm southern coastal areas at lower temperature show، But actual temperatures have a higher sense of emotional distance from the beach and the actual temperature less humidity is low. Thresholds at each frequency due to real emotional problems were classified in four classes; each class creates a special situation. Synoptic conditions that resulted from high-temperature heat wave and get a real feel extremely dangerous in terms of coastal stations were investigated. Timely forecasts and warnings for the organization of heat waves on a hot، humid weather in the areas by organizations can reduce number of death due to heat.

Being informed of spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrations in soil for environmental pollution monitoring and maintaining the quality of the environment is necessary. This study aimed to map the spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination concentration of Manganese، Copper، Zinc and Iron in Harris agricultural soils located in the province of East Azerbaijan done. For this purpose، using systematic random sampling of 370 surface soil samples were collected at a depth of zero to 30 cm، and the concentrations of all these metals were measured. In order to modeling the spatial variation of heavy metal concentrations in the soil، the ordinary kriging and radial basis functions were applied in ArcGIS. Among the various models of ordinary kriging and radial basis functions، the lowest RMSE and MAE values and very close to zero MBE and the highest correlation coefficient R as a criterion for evaluating the best way to model the spatial distribution of heavy metals were considered. Both methods have accuracy، but based on proper the evaluation criteria for metals، Magnesium and Copper، kriging method with exponential model، for Zinc، kriging method with spherical model and for iron، RBF method with Multi-quadric function was chosen. The map after choosing the best model for each of the elements، drawing and taking into account the standard of the Institute of Soil and Water Conservation، re-classifying the elements in four classes deficiency، sufficiency، and infection. Analysis of the spatial distribution maps of heavy metal contamination showed that most of the land was sufficient range for Magnesium; for Copper was found that about 92 percent had a high class and about 8 percent of the study area was contaminated; contamination for zinc and iron wasn’t found and respectively، about 96 and 80 percent were deficient.

One type of environmental hazards in many areas in our country that causes destroying agricultural lands، rangeland and Infrastructure is gully erosion. In this study، fuzzy logic operators are used to determine the different hazard zones، obtain the area of each of them and gully erosion hazard map in Troud watershed. To achieve this objective، satellite imagery، aerial photo interpretation with scale of 1:20000، topographic maps with scale of 1:50000، geological maps with scale of 1:100000، field studies and ArcGIS software has been used as research tools. For this purpose، at first a few effective variables that have important role in the formation and development of gully erosion and gully erosion areas were identified. The next step، Effective factors classes were weighted And Gully erosion maps were prepared using fuzzy operators including fuzzy Algebraic sum، fuzzy product، fuzzy gamma0. 5 and fuzzy gamma 0. 8 in GIS environment. The results indicated that، in fuzzy Algebraic sum method was located 100% of the gully in high zone. 83. 29% of the gullies have occurred in low zone in fuzzy product. According to the results obtained، 60. 93% of the gullies were located in low zone and 17 % of gullies have occurred in high and very high zones in method fuzzy gamma 0. 5. In fuzzy gamma 0. 8 method، were located 1. 5% of the gullies in low zone and 62% of the gullies in high and very high zones.