Exergy analysis is one method for studying of energy efficiency and optimization for systems and machines including dryers. Fluidized bed dryers despite widespread usage have low energy efficiency. Therefore a new method has been proposed that the fluid bed drying has been combined with thick (fix) bed dryer as outlet air from the fluidized bed section is conducted to the thick bed section for drying the other material or same kind material that existed in the first section. Experiments were performed in three temperatures, 50, 60 and 70 °C and three bed depth in down, fluidized bed drying, 4, 6 and 8 cm and two beds depth in up, batch bed drying, 6 and 8 cm. The results show that exergy loss of top floor is lower than down floor. And also increasing in bed depth of down floor causes increasing in exergy loss of top floor, but exergy loss of down floor decreases with increasing in bed depth of top floor.

Remarkable amounts of coke microparticles are discarded along with the effluent of decoking and olefin units and their separation methods have not been studied as the environmental pollutants. In this work for the first time the appropriate flocculant was determined for the separation of coke microparticles and then, the optimized conditions of simultaneous-experimental coagulation/flocculation process were determined based on the maximum amounts of sedimentary particles. After that, using the hypothesis of extreme agglomeration, the optimal conditions were calculated based on the maximum efficiency of filtration of gravity separation of coagulated particles. A set of purposeful experiments were performed based on the response surface method and using FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3 coagulants at concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 ppm and with cationic (Zetafloc 7563), natural (Besfloc K300N) and anionic (Megafloc 3045PWG) poly acrylamide flocculants at concentrations of 3, 5 and 7 ppm in solutions with pH levels of 5, 7 and 9. According to the diameter criteria of sedimentary particles (d>21μm) the uniformity/curvature coefficients were obtained for the optimal conditions of particle coagulation. The results revealed that according to the negative surface charge of coke particles the maximum number of precipitable particles is formed with a yield of 96% using iron chloride(III) coagulant (8ppm), anionic polyacrylamide flocculant (2ppm) at pH=6. Moreover, based on the uniformity/curvature coefficients the results showed the priority of iron sulfate(II) as coagulant for enhancement of filtration efficiency since the diameter distribution of coagulated coke particles maximizes the porosity of filter-cake, the operation time of filter and the volume of accumulated cake. While the type of coagulant has no effect on the gravity-based separation efficiency of coagulated coke particles. Based on the results, the optimum ratio of coagulant to flocculant concentrations were determined to be 3 and less than 3 (1.5–3) for filtration and gravity separation systems.

Carbon nanotubes with high yield and quality were synthesis by chemical vapordeposition over Co-Mo/ MgO in a fluidized bed reactor. Different parameters such as temperature, ratio of hydrocarbon source to hydrogen, rate of gas, the run duration, the size of catalyst particles, the ramp of temperature and the kind of hydrocarbon source have been examined. The influence of these parameters on the carbon nanotubes yield and quality are reported. In the best operation conditions (900°C, 30 min, rate of gas=1800mL/min, ramp temperature 7°C/min, size of catalyst particle=212
m, ratio of hydrocarbon source to hydrogen=1/1) single walled carbon nanotubes with 0.9nm average diameter and 300% yield is produced.

Mixed matrix membranes consisting of a polymeric matrix and dispersed mineral particles in nanoscale are new kinds of membranes that have been developed to eliminate polymeric membranes limitation. In this research, polyesterurethane mixed matrix membranes based on polycaprolactone (PCL) containing 3 Wt. % of unmodified silica and fluorinated silica nanoparticles were prepared by solvent casting method. Prepared nanocomposite membranes were identified by different methods such as TGA, DSC and FT-IR. Separation properties of the membranes were analyzed via laboratory reverse osmosis system by using Shiraz Petrochemical wastewater contaminated by ammonia as a feed. The obtained results of polyurethane–silica membranes show that the membrane containing fluorinated silica nanoparticles has a proper output for ammonia retention up to 62% at 10 bar in comparison with untreated one. Increasing operating pressure to 20 bar causes increasing permeate flux through the prepared membranes, but it significantly decreases the membrane efficiency for ammonia retention.

Solar energy is the most appropriate choice for human energy supplying. Because of, its renewable and No risk of environmental pollution. of course, there are problems to convert this form of energy into the others such as low thermal efficiency and how converting it. Flat plate solar collector is one of the most important solar thermal energy absorbers for industrial and household applications. In this research, we investigated the thermal performance of a flat plate solar collector using zinc oxide nanoparticles in water based fluid + ethylene glycol as the operating fluid. The purpose of this study was to improve the thermal performance and how to increase the thermal efficiency of flat plate solar collectors. Initially, experiments were performed in the presence of working fluid 65% water + 35% ethylene glycol without nanoparticles zinc oxide and thermal efficiency was obtained. Then thermal efficiency of solar collector was investigated in the presence of 0.05% and 0.1% volumetric zinc nanoparticles in the flow rate range 1–5 liters per minute. The effect of the nanoparticles and their concentration on the thermal performance of the solar collector were investigated by determining the amount of heat absorbed in the presence of nanofluid relative to the pure base fluid. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0.05% and 0.1% volumetric fraction resulted in a 4-20% increase in average thermal efficiency and 8-33% in maximum efficiency of flat plate solar collector. Although in nanofluids with higher volumes, about 5-7% was added to the average thermal efficiency of the solar collector, it also increased the sedimentation rate of the nanoparticles in the base fluid.

Microfluidic is a science and technology that studies fluid in volumes of 10-9 to 10-18 liters using channels with dimensions on a micro-scale. One of the most critical applications of this technology is fluid flow analysis. Separation processes in microfluidic devices have received much attention in the last two decades. Among the various separation processes, liquid-liquid extraction has advantages such as low molecular diffusion distance and high interface-specific surface area, leading to efficient mass transfer in microfluidic devices. Stable isotopes are valuable tools for research into mineral availability and metabolism. Stable isotope applications as radiation-free detectors, Diagnosis of the disease, and nuclear imaging can also be used as the primary material or raw material for the production of radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear imaging, Biochemical analysis, and radiotherapy. Due to the very low abundance of some isotopes, it is essential to separate and concentrate them. This research combines liquid-liquid extraction and microfluidic technology to extract and separate calcium ions as a new method.  In this study, to evaluate the possibility of performing calcium ion extraction simulations, in the studied microfluidic system, the ratio of two-phase velocities was selected so that the current inside the microchannel was flowing in parallel. First, the exact location of the interface was determined by the level set method, then the amount of mass transfer from the aqueous to organic phase was measured using the transport of diluted species method. The microchannel geometry was changed to a spiral geometry, and the extraction rate was investigated to study the effect of geometry on the extraction rate. In the Y-Y microchannel, the extraction efficiency was 60.062%, while in the spiral microchannel, the yield was 71.97%. in other words, by changing the microchannel geometry from Y-Y to the spiral, the mass transfer rate is improved by 11.9%.

The use of copper metal and its alloys is increasing day by day due to the unique properties of this metal in the electronics, steel alloys and other applications. One of these methods is the use of microfluidic systems. The use of microfluidic systems in continuous separation processes has received much attention in the last two decades. In this study, first the microfluidic system made of glass was made by laser cutting method and then the solvent extraction of copper metal ion was performed by using the microfluidic technique and using PHOSPHORIC ACID 2-ETHYLHEXYL ESTER (MDEHPA) cation extractor in the Y-Y microchannel and the parameters that affecting it have also been investigated, the experiment was designed by using the response level method and the effect of single and simultaneous operational parameters including volume concentration of the extractor, pH of the aqueous phase and residence ion extraction was investigated. In this regard, the amount of extractor concentration 11% (vol/vol), pH equal to 5 and residence time equal to 20 seconds were obtained as optimal operating conditions. In optimal operating conditions, the amount of copper extraction from the aqueous phase was 88.45%. Also the ratio of two-phase aqueous and organic discharges was changed, which according to the results obtained in the Qorg⁄Qaq ratio equal to 2⁄1 the copper ion extraction efficiency increased from 88.45% to 90.54%. The total volumetric mass transfer coefficients (KLa) were also calculated under different conditions to evaluate the mass transfer performance in the microfluidic system. The results showed that KLa values decreased nonlinearly with increasing residence time. The highest KLa values were observed between (0.13-0.78 1⁄s) during the residence time equal 20 second, which is much higher than the KLa values in batch extraction, which indicates better mass transfer performance of the microfluidic system.