Methamphetamine (MAMP) is a central nervous system stimulant that its consumption has increased among youths. Adolescence is considered as a critical period and the reproductive organs are developing is very sensitive so that the. In this study, the effects of methamphetamine on the development of the testes in immature male rats were evaluated.
40 immature male Wistar Rats (35-day-old male rats) were divided into four groups: control and the group receiving methamphetamine: (1, 3, 5 mg/kg). The control group received saline and experimental groups received methamphetamine for 10 days (intraperitoneally) and they were allowed to mature. Then, the rats were dissected. Testicularb tissue was isolated and after weighing, they were prepared to be placed in formalin. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's test.
Spaces created in the seminiferous tubules showed spermatogenesis disorder. The mean number of cells (spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm) in the experimental groups decreased significantly than the control group (p Frequent consumption of methamphetamine, even in low doses through the influence on the pituitary -gonad and the various factors involved in spermatogenesis, can disrupt the sexual maturation, which may cause reduced fertility in males.

Inroduction & Pimozide is an antipsychotic with neuroleptic properties that has been found to be useful in the management of chronic schizophrenic patients , mania and hypomania. This drug blocks dopamine receptors. In this research the effect of pimozide were studied on pituitary gonad axis function, the concentration of testosterone , FSH and LH level and testis histological changes.
The present study was done on 50 male rats wistar strain that divided to 5 groups of 10 animal, including: Control, sham (received normal saline as a solvent) and three pimozide (1,2,4 mg/ kg) received the experimental groups. The drug were administered for 30 days orally and blood samples were taken from the rats and serum concentrations of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured by RIA method. Histological changes were studied among experimental, control and sham groups. The results were evaluated by using SPSS software and ANOVA tests.
The results showed that 4 mg/ kg dose of pimozide reduced testosterone. The level of FSH and LH were increased (P
Conclusion So in general we can say that high doses of pimozide decreases the concentration of testosterone level and the number of spermatogenic cells exception sertoli.

Inroduction & Pimozide is an antipsychotic with neuroleptic properties that has been found to be useful in the management of chronic schizophrenic patients , mania and hypomania. This drug blocks dopamine receptors. In this research the effect of pimozide were studied on pituitary gonad axis function, the concentration of testosterone , FSH and LH level and testis histological changes.
The present study was done on 50 male rats wistar strain that divided to 5 groups of 10 animal, including: Control, sham (received normal saline as a solvent) and three pimozide (1,2,4 mg/ kg) received the experimental groups. The drug were administered for 30 days orally and blood samples were taken from the rats and serum concentrations of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured by RIA method. Histological changes were studied among experimental, control and sham groups. The results were evaluated by using SPSS software and ANOVA tests.
The results showed that 4 mg/ kg dose of pimozide reduced testosterone. The level of FSH and LH were increased (P So in general we can say that high doses of pimozide decreases the concentration of testosterone level and the number of spermatogenic cells exception sertoli.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Due to the prevalence of PCOS in worldwide, this study aimed to compare the effect of metformin with ginger on pituitary-gonad function in PCOS adult female rats was performed.
In this experimental study, 72 adult female rats divided to control, sham PCOS and 7 experimental groups PCOS receiving metformin at 500mg/kg, the ginger at doses 100, 200 & 300mg/kg and ginger at doses 100, 200 & 300mg /kg with metformin at 500 mg/kg were used. All injections by gavage and for 28 days were conducted. After phlebotomizing the animals, to measure hormones FSH, LH and estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, their ovaries removed and after preparing tissue sections, follicles were counted. Data obtained by 18-SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan were analyzed, then the significant difference of data at P> 0.05was considered.
The results showed that letrozole by creating PCOS causes to increase atretic follicles, testosterone, estrogen and reduce other follicles and FSH at P The results showed that metformin and Ginger alone or together cause to improve PCOS, and these improvements in both groups receiving simultaneous ginger with metformin can be seen more.

The communication axis between hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) is the basis of the reproductive process in vertebrates. In this study, the effects of salbutamol injection after Cabergoline injection, which is an inhibitor of the HPG axis, were investigated on the ovary. The number of 105 pieces of female three-spot gourami fish was divided into 7 groups of 15, including 3 control groups and 4 treatment groups. Three control groups included intact fish, receiving normal saline (solvent) and Cabergoline at a dose of 25 micrograms per kilogram of fish body weight. The treatment groups received Cabergoline on one day and salbutamol on the next day with doses of 1, 3, 10 and 20 mg per kilogram of fish body weight. Injections were performed every other day and intramuscularly, between the lateral line and the dorsal fin. At the end, after complete anesthesia and death of the fish, sex hormones and ovarian tissue were examined. Statistical evaluation showed that after salbutamol injection, 17-beta-estradiol and gonadosomatic index increased, but the testosterone level decreased (P<0.05). Histological and ultrastructural studies of the ovary also showed that cabergoline inhibited oocyte growth and salbutamol stimulated it.

Stachys lavandulifolia is a Plant of the lamiaceas family and have flavonoid compositions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of stachys lavandulifolia on the hormonal Pituitary-Gonadl axis and testis tissue changes in adult male rat.
In this experimental study fifty adult male rats of wistar race were divided into 5 groups of ten: The control group received normal diet, shame group took distilled water and experimental groups were intra peritoneal (i.p.) injected by 50, 100, 200 mg per kg body weight extract of stachys lavandulifolia. At the end of the 30th day, blood samples and levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured. Also, from tissue sections of testis tissues were taken. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS software using ANOVA and t-test.
Findings: A significant increased concentration of LH and FSH hormones was observed in experimental groups receiving the maximum extract in compared with the control and shame groups (PDiscussion & According to the results, stachys lavandulifolia extract reduces the amount of testosterone and DHT hormones. Apigenin in extracts will possibly impair the function of the male reproductive system.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis controls reproductive function. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH that is transported to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the release of the gonadotrophic hormones. Which act on the gonads to stimulate sexual maturation, gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although GnRH neurons are a key component of the HPG axis, other neurotransmitters or neuropeptides in the hypothalamus, such as glutamate, GABA, galanin, dopamine and kisspeptin have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of GnRH secretion. In addition to GnRH neurons, pituitary and gonads, some of these neuronal populations such kisspeptin are extremely sensitive to changes in the levels of steroid hormones and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Several EDCs, such as pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, tamoxifen, phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens can interact with the female and male reproductive system function and lead to disruption of endocrine function. Reproductive system development and function may be susceptible to the effects of such EDCs. By far, the greatest concerns for the potential adverse effects of EDCs have focused on their deleterious impact on reproductive health. It has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions and epidemiological studies that EDCs can exert detrimental effects especially during hormonal critical periods such as fetal and neonatal periods on the reproductive system. This article reviews some evidence that EDCs can impair the HPG axis and reproductive function.

Inroduction & Arabibarbusgrypus is one of the economic valuable native species that the aim of the project is to assay the effectiveness of LHRHa2 combined with carp pituitary extract(3 steps way) and carp pituitary extract(2 steps way) on some histologic and reproductive indexes,estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormone in male and female.
Methods and material: 50 pieces of fish in 4 treatments(40 fish were treated with 3 steps and 10 fish with 2 steps) were studied. Control treatment 4mg/kg pituitary extracts , first treated 4mg/kg CPE 3μg/kg LHRHa2, second treatment 4mg/kg CPEμg/kg LHRHa2 and third treatment 4mg/kg CPE 10μg/kg LHRHa2. The blood samples were collected before and after injection, then testosterone, progesterone and 17-β,estradiol were measured with ELISA method, then the ovule and sperm were obtained and the answer of male and female bloodstocks was recorded. After 24 hours the fish dissection was done, then the gonad morphology, gonad and liver weight for GSI and HSI measuring were recorded.
The results obtained that (in mail) the steroidal hormone (T, P, E2), Answer of broad stocks and GSI, HSI were 5.2 ± 0.3, 0.44 ± 0.05, 2.9 ± 0.04 ng/ml, 90%, 25% and 3.5% that was increased in second treatment (3 steps way) compared to the other treatments (2 steps way) (p

Pan-hypopituitarism is a rare but life threatening disorder that occurs due to reduction of anterior pituitary hormones. In this condition, major depressive disorders are presented by depressed mood and markedly diminished interest in many activities during a day. Some disorders are associated with psychiatric symptoms at presentation, therefore, the diagnosis of mood disorder due to a medical condition should also be considered. This study presents a middle aged man admitted with symptoms of major depressive disorder involving suicidal ideation whose condition did not improve despite treatment with different antidepressant agents. He had past history of brain tumor surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Due to the possibility of pituitary axis deficits since the time that radiotherapy was initiated, the patient was evaluated for these axes and the decrease in adrenal, thyroid, gonad and growth hormone axis function was confirmed by lab tests.In patients with persistent and severe depression, underlying medical causes such as endocrine disorders especially hypo-pituitarism should also be considered.

Ginger is one of the most valuable medical plants. It is a plant that contains most anti oxidant such as B, C and E vitamins and this plant is effective in sexual ability. In this research, the effect of ginger extract has been investigated on hormonal axis of hypophysis-gonad and spermatogenesis in immature mice of Balb/C. The used animals were 28 male mice with approximate weight about 15 to 18 grams and with the age about 25 to 30 days. The samples randomly were divided in to 4 groups that are contained control and sham and two treatment groups. Treatment animals, received 50 and 100 mg/kg of mentioned extracts respectively two weeks, intraperitoneally. During mentioned period, sham group received distilled water in intrapritoneally. Control group used of food and drinking water. The concentration of LH hormone serum levels showed significant decrease in treatment2 group and the concentration of FSH hormone also in each two treatment groups in comparison with control and sham groups. The concentration of testosterone hormone indicated significant increase (p<0/05) in treatment2 group in comparison with control and sham groups. Also results indicated that the number of spermatid and sperm cells have significant increase in treatment groups in comparison with control and sham groups. Also results indicated that the number of spermatocyte and leydig cells in treatment group indicated significant increase (p <0/05) as comparision with control and sham groups. So, according to obtained results, with increasing of the number of leydig cells and testosterone concentration, it can concluded that ginger may causes proliferation of sex cell in immature male mice.