The present article is an exploration of the hidden tumult of loneliness among MS patients of Sanandaj. This article aims to study the subjective experience of loneliness and the objective state of loneliness through the medium of the disease: both the meaning that they assigned to loneliness and the meaning that is imposed on them. First, the meaning of loneliness is clarified all through the throng of the studies on loneliness. Then it is argued that, loneliness as a subjective experience can be understood only through its objective possibility and the objective mediums. In most cases, MS is the experience of process of deprivation from social support in the era of transformation of social bonds. Observation, interview and writings of MS patients, have been our sources for the exploration of their loneliness. There are some meaning-makings in the description of loneliness as a subjective experience: social network without social support, a process from becoming lonely to being lonely, and being without having a clear future. On the other hand, the patients’ subjective experience of loneliness as the result of the objective state of having MS is the consequence of three basic shortages in their social relationships: lack of recognition, lack of security and lack of feeling of continuation.

The aim of the present study was to compare the loneliness in people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people. The statistical population included all people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people in Shiraz city. So, 116 subjects (32 with visual impairment, 21 with hearing impairment and 63 without impairment) were selected as sample size. People with hearing impairment and vision impairment were selected by purposeful sampling and normal people were chosen through multistage random sampling method. The measurement tool was Loneliness Scale. To analyze data ANOVA and MANOVA were used. The results showed that loneliness in people with hearing and vision impairment was significantly more than in normal people. Moreover, analysis of data about subscales revealed that in two subscales of loneliness, loneliness due to relationship with family and affective symptoms of loneliness, loneliness in people with hearing and vision impairment was significantly more than normal people. But, in one subscale (loneliness due to relationship with friends) there was no significant difference between people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people. Due to the higher levels of loneliness in people with sensory impairments, it can be concluded that designing and implementing programs to reduce loneliness is a necessity for promoting mental health in these people.

Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling of loneliness and has presented several treatment methods. Some psychologists, including Irvin D. Yalom, suggest existential therapy. Existential therapy is not a treatment method but a philosophical approach that affects counselors' and psychotherapists' work styles and performance.As a modern and possibly postmodern poet, Adnan Al-Saegh has expressed the state of human life in the contemporary period in some of his poems; Sadness, displacement, war, distance from the homeland, and loneliness are the most frequent in his poems, especially since the poet himself has experienced the taste of exile.In this essay, the authors have analyzed some of Adnan Al-Saegh's poems in the field of types of loneliness and ways to treat it with Ervin Yalom's existential approach; First, the poems are described with a descriptive and analytical method, and then they have expressed the similarities between the treatment methods of Ervin Yalom and Adnan Al-Saegh. The theme of loneliness in most of Adnan's poems is related to existential loneliness, which is more frequent than inner and interpersonal loneliness. In the same way, the methods of treating existential loneliness in his poems, such as taking refuge in fantasy and dreams, and turning to love and seclusion, have been manifested more in Adnan's poetry. These kinds of poems have helped the poet overcome this inevitable loneliness and provided his audience with clues and signs to curb this loneliness. In this sense, the current research can confirm the role of art in the field of therapy and help researchers in the field of art therapy.

The aim of current research was to investigate the relationship of alexithymia with loneliness and comparison of them in male and female students. A sample of 280 students (145girls and 135 boys) were selected through multistage cluster sampling method and then were assessed by the Torento Alexithymia Scale and the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale. Collected data were analyzed by multiple regression، correlation methods and multivariation. The results indicated that alexithymia and dimensions of it (difficulty identifying feelings، difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking) with loneliness have a significant correlation. Multiple regression analysis showed that three dimensions of alexithymia (difficulty identifying feeling، externally oriented thinking and difficulty describing feeling) can predict loneliness in the meaningful manner. Morevere، There was a significant discrepancy between male and female students in loneliness and alexithymia. Alexithymia and dimensions of it (difficulty identifying feelings، difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking) with loneliness have a significant correlation.

the main aim of this research was to study the role of self- esteem, components of loneliness in prediction of students’ academic achievement. The sample was 281 students (141 boys, and 140 girls) which were selected by clustering random sampling. The subjects were asked to answered the Loneliness Fillings Scale and Kooper Smith’s self-esteem Questionnaire. The results showed that self-esteem and loneliness were significant predictors on academic achievement. Also, there was negative significant correlation between self esteem and loneliness. Other results showed that the mean scores of self esteem and affective symptoms of loneliness of girls were significantly higher than the boys’ mean scores. in sum, the results represented the importance and the role of need to self-esteem as a potential variable for helping to students in order to cope with their affective-social loneliness experiences and academic achievement.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Body Dysmorphic Disorder with Internet addiction and loneliness among adolescent girls in Tehran. 150 female students from high schools in Tehran were selected by single stage cluster sampling and answered to BDD, IAD and Loneliness questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Simultaneous Regression. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between BDD with IAD and Loneliness (p<0.01). IAD was significantly related to loneliness (p<0.01, r=0.22) and BDD can display IAD and loneliness among female students. Body Dysmorphic Disorder can predispose Internet Addiction and loneliness among adolescent girls.

The main aim of present research was to study the role of hope, loneliness feeling and their components in prediction of elder's life satisfaction. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. For this purpose, 300 elders were selected by Available sampling method and loneliness feeling, hope and life satisfaction questionnaires were administered among selected sample. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that there is significant positive relation between hope, and life satisfaction. Also, there is a significant negative relation between loneliness feeling and it's components with life satisfaction. The results of regression analysis showed that the loneliness feeling has important and significant role in life satisfaction and explain overall 28% of the variance of life satisfaction. Also, loneliness feeling and hope have respectively a significant role in prediction of life satisfaction. The results indicate that reduction of loneliness feeling and enhancement of hope in elders can help to their health, compatibility and life satisfaction.

The present paper is an attempt to study the impacts of pilgrimage on positive and negative aspects of loneliness among university students. A Total of 389 students in two groups, i.e. pilgrim students (test group including 60 male and 151 female) and non-pilgrim students (control group 59 male and 119 female) were selected from three universities in Tehran through available sampling method. The tools used included Iran Loneliness Questionnaire, Spiritual-Religious Loneliness Questionnaire, and Religious Orientation Scale. The results of the research were analyzed through covariance analysis by studying each subscales and by taking into account the balancing role of religious orientation and gender. The findings indicate that pilgrimage (particularly going on pilgrimage to Imam Reza’s Shrine), a religious behavior, reduced the negative impacts of loneliness among the people with weaker religious orientation through establishing emotional and spiritual relations between the pilgrim and the Saint. Moreover, among the people with higher religious orientation, pilgrimage caused an increase in positive aspects of loneliness among women and a decrease in positive aspects of loneliness among men.

The use of virtual social networks has increased among Iranians in the recent years. The aim of this study was to compare some of the reasons of tendency to use these social networking sites (body image satisfaction, emotion regulation and loneliness) among male and female students. Research method of the current study was a causal-comparative one. The study population included all male and female students of Kharazmi University living in its dormitory (Karaj unit) in the academic year 2014-2015; of this population 97 students (48 boys and 49 girls) were selected through convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the short form of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults, body image rating scale and emotion regulation subscale of emotional intelligence questionnaire were used. The results of the current study showed that the two groups had no significant difference in body image satisfaction; however, average of emotion regulation, general loneliness, social loneliness and emotional loneliness was significantly higher in the female group. So it seems that the emotion regulation and loneliness have a role in the more use of social networks among girls.

Many elderly people describe elderly as loneliness; so identification of factors influencing this thought is necessary to prevent this feeling. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of social and emotional loneliness among the elderly, and its relation with some social factors affecting health in Isfahan City, Iran, in years 2017-2018.
This study was carried out on 200 elderly individuals. After obtaining consent from individuals and recording demographic data, Keyes social well-being was used to determine the level of social health, and the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) questionnaire to determine the frequency of social and emotionally loneliness. Chi-square, Student t, and Pearson correlation tests were used to compare the data.
Findings: High education (r = 0.444, P Regarding the high incidence of loneliness among the elderly, identification and screening of known risk factors is very important; as by increasing social health, the elderly loneliness will decrease.