The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in professional bus drivers, and its association with overtime working hours among those drivers in Urmia, Iran. In this cross sectional study the studies population was 626 professional bus drivers, aged 20-69 yr. The MeS (according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III), Waist circumference, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Fasting plasma glucose, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, age, and working time per week. The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 32.4%. The prevalence of the MeS was higher than the general Iranian population. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between over time driving and MeS (P: 0.028). This represents an odds ratio of 1.46 (95%CI: 1.04 – 2.05). The metabolic syndrome is becoming a noteworthy health problem in bus drivers; therefore, early detection and appropriate intervention need to be established.

The global increase of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence requires intensified efforts for early detection and prevention. Increased central (abdominal) adiposity has a special importance because of increased risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. [2]. Waist circumference (WC) is the best simple index of fat distribution, since it was least affected by gender, race, and overall adiposity [3]. WC correlates with intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging in youths [4]. Increased WC is one of the five diagnostic items of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is essential for the definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in terms of increased WC plus 2 out of the followings; elevated fasting plasma glucose, hypertension, elevated triglycerides and low HDL-C [5].

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease. It is generally accepted that insulin resistance is a pathopysiological factor in the development of NAFLD. In the present study, the aim was to determine the relationship between resistin and ghrelin levels, which were found to be closely related to insulin resistance, and fibrosis scores in NAFLD. 40 (21M,19 F) NAFLD patients whose diagnosis was confirmed with biopsy and 40 (18M, 22 F) healthy controls were included in the study In the comparison of resistin and ghrelin levels, only resistin values were found to be significantly higher in NAFLD group whilst there was no significant difference in ghrelin values (respectively p<0.05; p=0.078). In according to the fibrosis groups there was no difference with regard to fasting plasma glucose, insulin values, HOMA-IR measurements and also resistin and ghrelin levels. It has been understood that insulin resistance plays an important part in NAFLD. Larger studies are required that investigate the gene expression of hormones influencing insulin resistance, particularly resistin and ghrelin in order to determine their role in NAFLD.

This study was conducted to establish the comparative effects of carbohydrate versus fat restriction on metabolic indices in Type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
This randomized, clinical trial was done among 56 overweight persons with T2D and CHD aged 40-85 years old. The patients were randomly allocated to take either a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet (60-65% carbohydrates and 20-25% fats) (n = 28) or a restricted carbohydrate (RC) diet (43-49% carbohydrate and 36-40% fats) (n = 28) for 8 weeks to determine metabolic status.
After 8 weeks of treatment, RC diet decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (−11.5 ± 28.3 vs. .0 ± 26.9 mg/dl, P = 0.010) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (−564.3 ± 1280.1 vs. �.1 ± 1789.2 ng/ml, P = 0.040) compared with a HC diet. Moreover, compared with a HC diet, RC diet increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (�.8 ± 111.5 vs. .2 ± 82.5 mmol/l, P RC diet in overweight T2D with CHD had beneficial effects on FPG, hs-CRP, TAC, and GSH values.

The adoption of unhealthy lifestyles by individuals can lead to the development of various health conditions, including hypertension, high blood fat levels, and diabetes, posing significant risks to their well-being. This study focuses on examining the lifestyle of patients with diabetes and high blood fat levels in the city of "bordekhoon," conducted at Health Care Centers. Diabetes is a global health concern that is rapidly increasing and is associated with substantial costs. By applying data mining techniques, early detection of diabetes can be achieved, which can help prevent the progression of the disease and mitigate complications such as cardiovascular issues, vision problems, and kidney diseases. Nowadays, data mining-based approaches are employed to predict diabetes and hypertension, aiming to enhance early diagnosis accuracy and obtain valuable insights. In this paper, a combination of classification techniques (Ensemble Method) is used to predict and identify two types of diabetes. Factors such as gender, diet, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), physical activity, cigarette consumption, age, genetic predisposition, and body mass index (BMI) are modeled and analyzed using IBM SPSS Modeler 18 software. The accuracy of the employed techniques is ultimately presented.

Type-2 diabetes is a major metabolic disease with many signs and symptoms, such as hyperglycemia; disorders in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; and partial or total insulin deficiency. It is accompanied with pancreatic beta-cell malfunction, reduced insulin sensitivity, and systemic inflammation. There is some evidence indicating a role of vitamin D in maintaining glucose tolerance and normal secretion of insulin. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of calcitriol on the plasma insulin and glucose levels in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Seventy subjects (35 males and 35 female) with type-2 diabetes, aged 30-75 years old, were divided into 2 groups – an intervention and a control group. The intervention and control groups received, daily for 12 weeks, two 0.25-mcg calcitrio-capsules (0.5 mcg calcitriol) and 2 placebo capsules, respectively. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning and at weeks 6 and 12 for measuring glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). The fasting plasma glucose level did not change noticeably at weeks 0, 6 or 12 in the intervention group, while it increased significantly (p = 0.03) in the control group. The insulin level increased significantly in both the experimental (p = 0.002) and control (p = 0.0002) groups. Similarly, there were increases in the HbA1C concentration in the experimental (p = 0.013) and control (p = 0.0004) groups at week 12, as compared to baseline values. Also there was an increase in insulin resistance in both groups (p= 0.023 and 0.0001 for experimental and control groups, respectively). Finally, HOMA-%β, which is an indicator of the activity of the pancreatic beta-cells, remained unchanged in the controls, while it increased significantly in the experimental group (p = 0.009). Calcitriol at a daily dose of 0.5 mcg has no lowering effect on blood glucose in type-2 diabetic patients, although it may prevent its elevation. The findings further show that calcitriol dose not bring about a reduction in insulin resistance; however, it improves pancreatic beta-cell functioning, thereby increasing insulin secretion.

Vitamin D has metabolic functions in the cells, and its deficiency is considered a risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to determine the relationship of vitamin D intake from supplements and diet with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1C in the patients with type 2 diabetes.
Material and This cross-sectional study included 500 subjects aged above 18 years with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected using demographic and food frequency questionnaires through interviews with patients. The data analysis was performed by linear regression, chi-square test and independent T-test.
Among 500 patients in the study, 11 were excluded because of reports of high and low calorie values. Finally, 489 patients were entered into the study. 163 (33.3%) subjects were male and 326 (66.7%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 56.19±8.8. Vitamin D intake through supplements and diet was 5.82±3.5 mcg / day in the men and 6.30±3.4 mcg / day in the women. The mean fasting blood glucose and HbA1C levels were 144.06±33.8 mg/dl and 7.34±1.1% respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that vitamin D intake had a significant inverse association with fasting blood glucose (r= -0.26 and P=0.02) and HbA1C (r= -0.37 and P In this study total vitamin D intake through diet and supplements had a significant inverse relationship with fasting blood glucose and HbA1C, indicating the importance of vitamin D intake in blood glucose control in the patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus is a growing health problem in all over the world. Arctium Lappa has been used therapeutically in Europe، North America and Asia. Antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds have been found in the root of Arctium Lappa. This study intends to investigate the effects of Arctium Lappa root aqueous extract on glucose، insulin levels and Fasting Insulin Resistance Index in female rats with high sucrose diet. 40 female Wistar rats weighting 150-250 (g) were applied. After having a diet induced by sucrose 50% in drinking water for 5 weeks، the animals were randomly divided into two groups of control، sucrose induced، and three groups of sucrose induced along with Arctium Lappa root aqueous extract (50،100،200 mg/Kg) (8 rats in each group). Treatment by extracts was used during 2 weeks (i. p.) and 24 hours after the last treatment، heart blood samples were gathered. After Blood samples were centrifuged، fasting plasma glucose (12 h) was determined by kit and fasting insulin concentration was assayed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) methods. Glucose levels، insulin and FIRI in sucrose group significantly increased in comparison with control group. Glucose levels in aqueous extract groups; 50 mg/kg (116. 14±16. 64mg/dl) and 200 mg/kg (90. 66±22. 58 mg/dl) in comparison with sucrose group (140. 5±18. 73 mg/dl) significantly decreased. Insulin level and FIRI in all of aqueous extract groups were significantly decreased (P<0. 001) in comparison with sucrose group. Arctium Lappa root aqueous extracts in animal model has revealed significant decrease in blood glucose and insulin levels.

Medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical compositions, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of the plant. The aim of this study was to compute the antidiabetic activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica seeds extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The experimental protocol designed as animals were divided into six groups (n=6) as control, diabetic control, Glibenclamide, methanol extract (MEHAD), petroleum ether extract (PEHAD) and aqueous extract (AEHAD). Except control group, other remaining groups were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg body weight) by single i.v. injection to induce diabetes. The diabetic rats were treated with the glibenclamide, MEHAD (250 mg/kg body weight), PEHAD (250 mg/kg body weight) and AEHAD (250 mg/kg body weight) for 18 days. The fasting plasma glucose level, body weight, fasting serum glucose level, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, total protein, blood urea, urine glucose and liver glycogen levels were determined. The diabetic rats treated with MEHAD, PEHAD and AEHAD showed significant reduction in fasting serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, total protein, blood urea, urine glucose and protection from the loss of body weight and increase in liver glycogen content during the treatment period. These effects were comparable to those seen in the glibenclamide-treated group of rats. This suggests that the Holarrhena antidysenterica seed extracts posses antidiabetic activity and further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action and to know the active principles involved in producing the effect.

Oral contraceptives (OCP) have been previously reported to be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism. However, their effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke are still controversial. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether there is an increased risk of future CVD in women with a history of OCP use.
This cohort study was conducted between 2001 and 2011 in a group of women ≥35 years of age. The participants were divided into 2 groups: with a history of OCP use and without a history of OCP use. A questionnaire containing demographic data, history of OCP use, and other risk factors of CVD was completed by the participants. Body mass index, hypertension, and blood biochemistry markers (including fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein) were determined at the beginning of the study. Stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death, and total CVD were assessed during the study. Finally, all the gathered data were analyzed using SPSS, version 15. The chi-square test and the independent t-test were used to compare the groups. The Cox regression model was utilized to evaluate the association between CVD event and OCP use.
Out of 3,254 women aged ≥35 years in this study, totally 1,391 (42.7%) individuals had a history of OCP use and 1,863 (57.3%) women had no history of OCP use. There were differences between the groups (OCP users and nonusers) in terms of age (P≤0.001), hypertension (P≤0.001), and waist circumference (P=0.009), as there were no differences as regards diabetes mellitus (P=0.353), fasting plasma glucose (P=0.177), and dyslipidemia (P=0.368). None of the events, comprising MI (HR: 0.514 [0.288–0.919]), stroke (HR: 0.803 [0.501–1.287]), sudden cardiac death (HR: 0.39 [0.156–0.97]), and CVD events (HR: 0.802 [0.642–1.003]), showed a significant relationship between the event and OCP use in the comparison between the OCP users and nonusers. Even after adjusting for the demographic data and risk factors, the same results were obtained.
In contrast to previous studies, our data revealed no increased risk of future stroke and CVD events, consisting of MI, stroke, and sudden cardiac death, due to a history of OCP use. A historyof OCP use for a longer period of time compared with a shorter period of time showed no difference concerning the prevalence of future CVD.