Transmuted distributions are skewed distributions and recently attracted a great attention of researchers due totheir applications in reliability and statistics. In this article, our main focus is on the Bayesian estimation of two-component mixture of Transmuted Weibull Distribution (TWD) under type-I right censored sampling scheme. In order to estimate the unknown parameters, non-informative and informative priors under Squared Error Loss Function (SELF), Precautionary Loss Function (PLF) and Quadratic Loss Function (QLF) are assumed when computing the posterior estimations. In addition the Bayesian credible intervals (BCI) were also constructed. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique is adopted to generate samples from the posterior distributions and in turn computing different posterior summaries including Bayes estimates(BEs), posterior risks(PRs) and Bayesian credible intervals (BCI). As an illustration comparision of these Bayes estimators are made through simulated under different loss functions in terms of their respective posterior risks assuming different sample sizes and censoring rates. Two real-life examples; the first being the survival times of hepatitis B & C patientswhile the second being the hole diameter of 12 mm and the sheet thickness is 3.15 mm are also discussed to illustrate the potential application of the proposed methodology.

This study is concerned with the problem of estimating the parameters of a 3-component mixture of Burr distributions using type-I right censored data.The closed form expressions for the Bayes estimators and their posterior risks assuming the non-informative (uniform and Jeffreys’) priors under squared error loss function, precautionary loss function and DeGroot loss function are derived.Performance of the Bayes estimators for different sample sizes, test termination times(a point of time after which all other tests are terminated)and parametric values under different loss functions is investigated. The posterior predictive distribution for a future observation and the Bayesian predictive interval are constructed. In addition, the limiting expressions for the Bayes estimatorsand posterior risks are derived.Simulated data sets are designed for thecomparisons and the model is finally illustrated using the real data.

ýIn this articleý, ýthe method of determining the optimal sample size is based on Linex asymmetric loss function and has been expressed through Bayesian method for normalý, ýPoisson and exponential distributionsý. ýThe desirable sample size has been calculated through numerical methodý. ýIn numerical methodý, ýthe average posterior risk is calculated and then it is added to the Lindley linear cost function to achieve the average of the total costý. ýThený, ýthe diagram of sample size is drawn in comparison to the average of total cost and eventuallyý, ýthe optimal sample size that minimizes the cost has been achieved.

This article is about Bayesian estimation of parameters of a heterogeneous 3-component mixture of Rayleigh distributions (3-CMRD) generating a mixture data. Being the most popular and reasonable sampling scheme in reliability and survival analyses, the doubly censored sampling scheme is considered. The Bayes estimators and their posterior risks are derived under various situations. In addition, elicitation of hyperparameters is presented. Algebraic expressions for posterior predictive distribution and Bayesian predictive intervals are derived.  Assuming the informative and the non-informative priors, a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to examine the performance of the Bayes estimators under symmetric and asymmetric loss functions. Finally, to highlight the practical importance, the proposed 3-compnent mixture model is applied to a doubly censored lifetime data from a real life situation. It is observed that the analysis of doubly censored data in Bayesian framework, the SRIGP paired with SELF (DLF) is suitable choice for estimating mixing proportion (component) parameters.

The empirical Bayes estimation of the exponential distribution parameter under squared error and LINEX loss functions is investigated when the record collects the data ranked set sampling scheme method. Then, point and interval predictions for future record values are studied. The results of this sampling scheme are compared with the products of the inverse sampling scheme. To compare the accuracy of estimators, Bayes risk and posterior risk criteria are used. These point predictors are compared in the sense of their mean squared prediction errors. To evaluate the prediction intervals for both the sampling schemes, the average interval length and coverage probability are computed and compared. In the present study, the hyperparameters are estimated in two methods. By studying the simulation and presenting real data, the estimation methods are compared, and the performance of the introduced schemes is evaluated.

To study the heterogeneous nature of lifetimes of certain mechanical or engineering processes, a mixture model of some suitable lifetime distributions may be more appropriate and appealing as compared to simple models. This paper considers mixture of Topp-Leone distributions under classical and Bayesian perspective based on complete sample. The new distribution which exhibits decreasing and upside down bathtub shaped density while the distribution has the ability to model lifetime data with decreasing, increasing and upside down bathtub shaped failure rates. We derive several properties of the new distribution such as moments, moment generating function, conditional moment, mean deviation, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves and the order statistics of the proposed distribution. Moreover, we estimate the parameters of the model by using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. For Bayesian analysis, five loss functions, namely the squared error loss function (SELF), weighted squared error loss function (WSELF), modified squared error loss function (MSELF), precautionary loss function (PLF), and K-loss function (KLF) and uniform as well as gamma priors are considered to obtain the Bayes estimators and posterior risk of the unknown parameters of the model. Furthermore, credible intervals (CIs) and highest posterior density (HPD) intervals are also obtained. Monte Carlo simulation study is done to access the behavior of these estimators. For the illustrative purposes, a real-life application of the proposed distribution to a tensile strength data set is provided

Conventional fixation methods of posterior wall acetabular fractures feature the use of plating and lagscrews. However, fixation of posterior wall fractures with buttress plating alone offers potential advantages by avoidingthe hardware complications related to hardware placement through the wall fragment. The purpose of this study wasto examine if buttress plating alone, without screw fixation through the wall would be a viable method of treating thesefractures. Our hypothesis was that this technique would not result in loss of reduction. Consecutive series of patients with isolated posterior wall acetabular fractures treated by two independentsurgeons at two Level I Trauma centers without screw fixation across the fracture (Boston Medical Center/HarborviewMedical Center). All 72 fractures treated without a screw through the posterior wall fragment maintained reduction at anaverage of 1.6 years post-operatively. For fractures fixed with buttress plating alone, 92 % were reduced within 2 mmof being anatomic compared to 94 % of fractures that had screws cross the fracture. The described buttress plating technique without screw fixation in the wall is an acceptable form offixation for posterior wall acetabular fractures without the theoretical risk of intra-wall screw fixation.Level of evidence: III

The races show different cerebrovascular involvements, for example, the involvement of intracranial arteries are higher among Asians than Caucasians. The aim of this study was to investigate the cerebrovascular stenosis pattern by computed tomography angiography (CTA), which is unprecedented in Iran.
In this study, patients with brain stroke (thrombosis), confirmed by CT scanning and cardiac assessments, who referred to Shafa Hospital in Kerman, Iran, underwent brain and cervical arteries CT angiography to assess involved cerebrovascular territories and also its risk factors from June 2012 to June 2013.
We did CTA for 100 patients. Eighty-four cases had cerebral artery stenosis. Intracranial vessel involvement alone was observed in 47.6% of patients, simultaneous intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in 26.2%, and extracranial artery stenosis in 26.2%. Posterior cerebral artery territory showed the highest degree of vascular stenosis. Posterior cerebral artery stenosis alone was observed in 51.3% of the cases; 27.4% of the cases suffered from anterior artery stenosis, and 21.6% had simultaneous anterior and posterior cerebral artery stenosis. Smokers showed higher extracranial artery involvement compared to non-smokers; 44% of smokers and 14% of non-smokers had extracranial vertebral involvement
Our findings showed that intracranial artery involvement was the most prevalent finding in patients with thrombotic stroke in Kerman. Also posterior cerebral artery stenosis was more prevalent than anterior artery stenosis. Hypertension was the most common risk factor. Furthermore, smoking was considered as an important risk factor for extracranial artery stenosis, especially in the posterior cerebral artery.

The ankle arthroscopy complication rates from 7.6% to 13.6% and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is considered as a serious complication. The risk of DVT for patients with isolated foot and ankle conditions, even with plaster cast immobilization, and the possible benefits of mechanical and chemical prophylaxis are poorly studied. Nevertheless, some studies mentioned the risk factors such as injury severity, immobilization, obesity, nonweight-bearing, hindfoot surgery, and tourniquet time.
A 27-year-old male patient, smoker, and casual athlete with complaint of left recurrent painful ankle presented an anterior ankle impingement type B and a posterior impingement syndrome. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient developed a DVT as a complication of a combined ankle arthroscopy (anterior and posterior).
It seems that the use of prolonged tourniquet in addition to repositioning the patient may increase the risk of complications such as VTE (venous thromboembolism) and the combination was not included in any published protocol. The current study recommended the use of the Calder antithrombotic recommendations associated with the Caprini risk assessment model in order to cover a greater at-risk population.

A number of paired comparison (PC) models exists in the literature. In this paper, the posterior distribution of the parameters of the Rayleigh PC model is derived using informative prior: Conjugate and Dirichlet. The values of the hyperparameters are elicited using prior predictive distribution. The preferences for the data of cigarette brands: Goldleaf (GL), Marlboro (ML), Dunhill (DH) and Benson & Hedges (BH) are collected from university students. The posterior estimates of the parameters are obtained under the loss functions: Quadratic Loss Function (QLS), Weighted Loss Function (WLS)and Squared Error Loss Function (SELF) with their risks. The preference and predictive probabilities are calculated. The posterior probabilities, for the hypothesis of comparing two parameters are evaluated. The graphs of marginal posterior distributions are given. Appropriateness of the model is tested by Chi-Square.