The purpose of this study is to investigate the interactive effects of economic growth and environment by using the growth models and simulation equations method. The results of estimating the production function and environmental pollution (CO2 emissions), by using twostage least squares (2SLS) during 1976 to 2006 represents that although environment quality has positive and significant impact on economic growth, but it is being worsened by the rapid growth of economy. Also, results indicate that the effect of environmental protection expenditure on environment quality is not significant.

Energy consumption, economic growth, and pollution are all three components of the economic system the relationship between the three of them those planners to provide appropriate solutions to achieve economic goals with conservation brings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the short-run and long-term relationships between energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollution in the rail transport sector. Therefore, using the approach to auto regressive distributed Lag and error correction model to study the relationship between these variables is investigated in time period 2004 – 2015. The results show that the elasticity of energy consumption in the railway transportation sector in the short and long-term is 27 and 43, respectively, relative to the environmental pollution of the railway transportation sector It indicates that with the increase in energy consumption, the index of environmental pollution in the rail transport sector of the country increases. Also, the elasticity of GDP in the transport sector in the short and long run is about 0.4 and 0.8, respectively, relative to environmental pollution, therefore, this indicates that with the increase of GDP in the rail transport sector of the country, environmental pollution will increase in this sector. Also, the error Coefficient correction symbol is negative, as expected. This shows that imbalances are adjusted in the short run to create a long-term equilibrium relationship. The value of this coefficient is -0.36, which means a 36 percent adjustment in each period to a long-term equilibrium.

In the recent years، environmental pollution، specially، air pollution، has become one of the main concerns of the international community and those are affected health of living organisms and natural ecosystems. In the recent past، environmental pollution has imposed significant human and financial costs on society. One of the most pollutant sectors is the industrial sector and between the polluting industries، the high energy consumer industries have imposed a significant part of environmental pollution. Hence، assessment of environmental performance in these industries is important. This paper using a directional distance function approach and (SBM) approach has evaluated the environmental performance and technical efficiency in the other non-metallic mineral products and production of basic metals industry، respectively. The results indicate that the other non-metallic mineral products industry Although technically more efficient، but have a lower environmental performance and Production industrial facilities، industrial Production cement، lime and plaster and asphalt manufacturing industry had the lowest environmental performance.

This paper examines the impact of innovation on project management and its relationship to reducing environmental pollution in construction projects. This study was performed by descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this study included 200 managers of construction and construction projects in Shiraz. 127 of these managers were selected as the research sample using the available sampling method. The data collection tools were Gandhi et al.'s (2011) Innovation Questionnaire and the Environmental Pollution Research Questionnaire used in previous research. Content validity, formal validity, structural validity, and validity of questionnaires were confirmed. The results of the study showed that the use of innovation in project management has a positive and significant effect on reducing environmental pollution. Also, the dimensions of project management innovation have a positive and significant effect on reducing pollution, and then the innovation in the process has the greatest impact on reducing environmental pollution. (Times-12) Keywords: Innovation, project management, environmental pollution, development projects

Environmental pollution caused by petroleum is one of the issues which is spreading today and causing irreparable damages, while the domestic courts of some countries, especially Islamic countries, are not able to or are less willing to prosecute the cases beyond their borders because of religious and legal barriers. Some of these crimes, especially environmental, are committed by the natural or legal persons of the Islamic countries or on the territories of these countries which have caused problems of jurisdictional conflict and other issues. The findings of the present study show that in the case of the exercise of international jurisdiction over the oil pollution offense, if the forensic investigators conclude that the investigation of such a crime would bring benefits to the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as bilateral agreements and acceptance, the legitimacy of referring disputes to the judgment of non-Muslims will be permitted. Therefore, this article examines the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals in the cases dealing with environmental pollution caused by petroleum materials in the light of international law and present regulations in Islamic Sharia with a consideration of the theory of expediency set forth in Imamiyah jurisprudence.

Trade openness، economic growth and environment are known as the major issues inrecent decads. We considered the effect of expanding trade and economic growth onenvironmental quality for 11 country in the Middle East during the period of 1980 to2010. Panel data econometric method and STATA software were used. Econometrictests confirmed fixed effects model among the pooled، fixed and random effectsmodels. Each Arellano-Bond GMM regression model and Newey- West with 5 lagsallowed were estimated beacuase of dynamic panel data and their results werecompared with the results of fixed effects model and then were evaluated. We foundper capita income has a significant positive impact on environmental pollution butfurther rise in income will reduce environmental pollution. Trade openness hasnegative effect and there is a non-significant effect on environmental pollution.

The effects of economic growth on the environment is one of the most important factors in current discussions in environmental economics. Industrialization of societies leads to further exploitation of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. The combustion of these fuels leads to increased emission of toxic and dangerous gases and damages such as global warming and climate change. Therefore, in this study we use the VAR panel method to calculate the technical, scale and combination effects of economic growth on the environment of Iranian provinces for the 2005 to 2016 period. The results show that shocks to per capita income (a measure of technical effects) reduced environmental pollution (CO2 emissions). However, shocks to GDP2 (a measure of scale effects) and capital-labor ratio (a measure of combined effects) increased environmental pollution. Analysis of variance also showed that in Iran, per capita income has greater impact on environmental quality and pollution than other measures of economic growth.

The government is responsible for its act and omission of act about the environmental pollution. Judicial and legal rules such as rules of "Use your own property in such a manner as not to injure to another", "to be the cause or occasion of ", the regulations inserted in the international documents such as Article 8 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21 of Rio Declaration and Clause 3 of Article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights confirm that people suffered from environmental pollution must be compensated.
One of the effective solutions for compensation is, resorting victims to their respective state courts and filing legal claims against the responsible government. Typically, the defendant governments cite the principle of judicial immunity to get rid of compensation. To withdraw the immunity, the courts must refer to international rules, especially, Article 12 of Convention on Jurisdictional Immunity and their Property, and render judgment in favor of those affected.

Using glass aggregate in asphalt mixture is an effective way to deal with environmental pollution. In this research, epoxy asphalt was used instead of normal asphalt. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of glass aggregate on the performance of asphalt-epoxy mixture compared to asphalt with styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer softener 1 (SBS). The results showed that for two types of asphalt mixtures, the optimal percentage of additive, void space and density decrease with the increase of glass aggregate content. Marshall stability, Marshall water absorption stability, tensile strength ratio, flexural strength and low temperature properties of asphalt-epoxy mixture are slightly affected by glass aggregate content and are different from SBS-modified asphalt. In addition, the asphalt-epoxy mixture with glass aggregate has good characteristics in terms of wear resistance and light reflection. Therefore, in the asphalt-epoxy mixture, the high content of glass aggregate can achieve superior performance without the need for anti-adhesion agent and with the reduction of environmental pollution.

This question has always been raised whether economic growth can lead to the reduction of environmental pollution. In this regard, the present study investigats the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in Iran during the period 1984-2021, considering per capita GDP and per capita ecological footprint as indicators of economic growth and environmental pollution, respectively. The results obtained from applying the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) approach, with the Gini income inequality index as the transition variable, indicate that economic growth affects the per capita ecological footprint within a two-regime framework. According to the results, in the first regime, when income inequality is below the threshold level of GINI* = 0.418777, increased economic growth leads to a reduction in the ecological footprint. However, in the second regime, when income inequality exceeds this threshold, economic growth leads to an increase in the ecological footprint. The results suggest that if income inequality is below the threshold level of GINI* = 0.418777, implementing macroeconomic policies aimed at improving economic growth can lead to a reduction in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is recommended that economic planners and policymakers seriously pursue income inequality reduction policies alongside growth policies to achieve a reduction in environmental pollution.