Using global free air gravity and topography data, first we have calculated a Bouguer Anomaly (BA) map for Iranian plateau and then computed the residual isostasy anomaly map under the Airy-Heiskannen assumption. The term residual is used as to reflect the assumption of local isostatic compensation in contrast to a regional isostatic compensation. The value with which the gravity effect of the compensation mass (the root/anti-root in the Airy model) is calculated are chosen under careful considerations as to produce reliable results. The resulting residual isostasy map is then used to qualitatively interpret the isostatic highs and lows corresponding to crustal/lithospheric features of the Iranian plateau. The study area is a complex region as a result of its still active tectonics which is mostly driven by the continent-continent collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The five most important tectonic settings in Iran are Zagros Mountains, an active belt formed as the result of the collision extending from south-west Iran along the Persian Gulf; Alborz Mountains, a young belt with an average topography of 3-5 km extending nearly in east-west direction, Makran, in south-east Iran, north of the Iran-Arabian plate boundary where an active subduction is taking place; Caspian Sea, with an oceanic crust covered with an average 15-20 km sediment layer at the Iran-Eurasia plate boundaries and Kopeh-Dagh mountains, an uplifted region as a consequence of converging continental plates. Our results indicate that the Zagros Mountains have reached an isostatic equilibrium but the scenario is slightly different for the Alborz chain. It seems that the isostatic equilibrium is not fully reached in the Alborz due to the observation of a continuous isostatic high (positive) anomaly which extends to north-west Iran, however, it may also be partly caused by a simple folding. In the southern Caspian region, there is an enormous isostatic low (negative), for the cause of which we have considered two possible reasons. First, the effect of the sediment layer on the gravity signal due to its negative density contrast. Second, we considered the deficiency in the rock mass at the base of the lithosphere due to an anti-plume or the downward flow of the lithospheric materials towards the mantle which may also explain the high depth of the southern Caspian Basin. Subduction zones are usually characterized with negative isostatic anomalies, but in the case of the subduction of the oceanic lithosphere of the Caspian under the continental crust of the Eurasia, there is no apparent negative isostatic anomaly in our map. We believe that this is probably due to the fact that the subduction is still young while in order to observe a negative effect on the residual isostasy anomaly map, the subducting slab must be in a deep position, in other words, be of older age. The subduction of the Makran, on the other hand, has caused a negative isostatic residual anomaly. This low anomaly is also partly due to the uplift of the Makran area. A high-low (positive-negative) residual isostasy anomaly pairs corresponds to suture zones. An example of which is seen for the Zagros-Bitlis suture zone which marks the continental collision of the Arabian-Eurasian plates. Our map also shows a negative residual isostatic anomaly in the Kopeh-Dagh Mountains, which we interpret as the uplift caused by the convergence of the Iranian and Eurasian plates. It must be noted that every high/low residual isostatic anomaly may not be interpreted as isostatically over/under compensated areas. on the contrary, it could be and usually is related to a geological feature of lithosphere/mantle scale.

In this study, the concentration-number fractal method was used for regional exploration studies, and determining the anomalies of copper, lead and zinc elements. For this purpose, 800 samples of stream sediments were selected from the rivers in the area (i.e. from Kahak and Aran geological maps, 1: 100,000 sheets) and then the anomalies of these elements were mapped. The results show that strong copper anomalies are observed in the northern, central, southern and western parts of the area and the highest lead anomalies are located in the western part of the area. Strong anomalies of the zinc element are located in the central, southern and western parts of the region. These anomalies coincide with the lithological units of andesitic- basalt lava, volcanic breccia, tuffs, dacites, small scale masses of quartz -diorite, and small-scale masses of quartz-monzonite. The obtained map from combining anomalies and faults map reveals that the anomalies are mostly concentrated in fault zones and fault intersection points in the area and faults play a fundamental role in ore mineralization.

The true incidence of renal hereditary diseases and urinary tract anomalies is difficult to ascertain. The incidence is estimated to be 3-6 in 100000 live births. Infant deaths from genitourinary anomalies are estimated to be approximately 6.3% of all causes of infant mortality. The first step to approach to a child with urinary tract anomaly is to make a specific diagnosis based on history taking and physical examination. Chromosomal abnormalities are found in approximately 10-20% of all renal anomalies. The first and the best way to evaluation of kidney and urinary tract anomalies is ultrasonography. Other laboratory and imaging methods like as voiding cystourethrography, isotope scans, intravenous urography and biochemistry and genetic testes would be useful after ultrasonography. The genetic consult is necessary in every child with renal and urinary tract anomalies. The hereditary diseases of the kidney are renal anomalies, hereditary syndromes and associations and hereditary tubular and glomerular diseases which are going to be discussed in this article.

This study aims to recognize effect of Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) estimation methods for separation of geochemical anomalies based on soil samples using Concentration-Area (C-A) fractal model in Irankuh area, central Iran. Variograms and anisotropic ellipsoid were generated for the Pb and Zn distribution. Thresholds values from the C-A log-log plots based on the estimation methods revealed the presence of various geochemical anomalies within estimation variances which were compared in both methods. The comparison among the estimation variances for different geochemical anomalies based on the C-A fractal model indicated that the estimation variance is less in the OK method especially for extremely and highly Zn-Pb anomalies. The estimated variances for different Zn anomalies via OK and C-A fractal method are lower than fractal modeling obtained by IDW estimation. However, extremely and highly Pb anomalies due to OK method have estimation variances lower than IDW method. Based on the results, main Zn and Pb anomalies are situated in the NW part of the area.

Safe pregnancy is among the goals and missions of reproductive health which has an important part in Millennium Development Goals. Unfortunately, bad conditions in reproductive health are the major cause of women mortality in fertility age all over the world especially in developing countries. Congenital anomalies are pregnancy problems that in case of early diagnosis, the anomaly will be done according to list 51. The aim of this study was to determine families’ demographic situations, frequency of congenital anomalies types and the factors of legally termination of pregnancy to suggest solutions in order to reduce anomalies and promote reproductive health. This is a case-control study carried out for 1 year period from 2010 to 2011 in which 603 pregnant women that were diagnosed/recommended to the Legal Medicine Organization for the termination of pregnancy as having a fetus with some types of birth defect(s). Among them, 201 were categorized as case group (receiving termination permission because their pregnancy was before week 20) and 402 of them were categorized as control group 1 (not receiving termination permission because their pregnancy was after week 20) and 200 women as control group 2 who referred to Alzahra hospital to give childbirth. A questionnaire containing demographic and geographical information was made for all the women in those three groups. The average age of mothers in this study was 27.2 years (15-47 years old). In 100 % of women, at least 1 ultrasound examination was performed and genetic and Amniocentesis tests were conducted in 2.1 % and 3.5 % respectively in order to diagnose anomaly. In total, 33 % of pregnant women with congenital anomalies received pregnancy termination permission. The majority of congenital anomalies were neural tube defects 16.9 %, hydrocephaly 8.6 %, limb deformation 7.7 % and Down syndrome 6.4 %. Mother’s age, the history of anomaly in previous child and Folic acid usage during pregnancy, according to the meaningfulness of both regression models, are the main predictive independent factors. (P<0.05) By determining the causing factors of congenital anomalies and removing the shortcomings and weaknesses, it is possible to reduce the number of these anomalies and take major actions to promote the health of mothers and children.

Congenital kyphosis is a spinal deformity resulting from disruption in the formation of the anterior part of the vertebrae on the sagittal plane during early fetal development. Understanding demographic trends and associated anomalies in affected individuals within specific regions and countries is pivotal for tailoring more suitable treatment approaches within these patients.

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 108 patients referred to Shafa Yahyaian Hospital in Tehran between 2010 and 2019. Demographic and radiological criteria were assessed in all patients who underwent surgery for congenital kyphosis at this hospital. Parameters such as age, gender, BMI, presence of cardiac, urogenital system, and spinal anomalies, kyphosis type, as well as Cobb's angle before and after surgery, were gathered, reviewed, and analyzed from patients' records.

Of the cohort, 74 patients were categorized as congenital kyphosis type 1, 21 as type 2, and 13 as type 3, encompassing 69 female (63.9%) and 39 male patients (36.1%). The mean age at the time of examination and symptom onset was 6.5 years, while the mean age at the time of surgery was 16.5 years. Notably, 38 patients exhibited a cardiac anomaly, 14 had genitourinary system anomalies, and 39 presented with spinal anomalies. A statistically significant correlation existed between the presence of a cardiac anomaly and the type of congenital kyphosis, with type one exhibiting a markedly higher incidence of cardiac anomalies compared to the other two types.

The findings revealed a higher frequency of type 1 congenital kyphosis. Moreover, patients with type 3 congenital kyphosis underwent surgery at a significantly younger age than those with the other two types, potentially attributed to its higher progression rate. Spinal cord, cardiac, and genitourinary tract anomalies were respectively observed as the most prevalent anomalies among the patients.

Consanguineous marriage is one of the most important etiology of morbidity and anomaly in neonates and children, for which annually thousands of neonates and children sacrifice. This study was performed in Shabihkhani hospital in Kashan to determine the prevalence of congenital anomalies among consanguineous marriages. All neonates born in Shabihkhani hospital in 2000-01 were included and initial data including sex, gestational age, type of delivery, prenatal care, drug history, special disease in mother, type of anomaly, history of still birth or anomaly in previous pregnancy were recorded. Type of anomaly in the first 24 hours was distinguished for further classification. Paraclinic tests and consultations were also used. Of 3529 neonates, 768 (21/8%) were born of a consanguineous marriage and the remaining 2761 (78.2%) from non-consanguineous marriage. Totally, 109(3.08%) deliveries were led to neonate’s anomaly, of these 7.03% were in the consanguineous marriage group (72.3% in first-cousin marriage and 27.7% in second-cousin marriage) and 2% in the other group. The prevalence of consanguineous marriage in our study was relatively high and the rate of neonate anomaly of consanguineous marriage was more than what expected. Obviously, in case of consanguineous marriage, the rate of anomaly clearly increased.