Despite the claim of prevalence and consensus among the Shia and Sunni scholars about the authority of the rule of tolerance regarding the documents of traditions, some of the later jurisprudents, directly or indirectly do not consider the documents of this rule sufficient to support it. The advocates of this rule have relied on the contents of correct reports of whatever has been handed down by the Infallibles and have not relied on the weak reports of recommendation based on one of the following four approaches: Proof of recommendation for doing a deed as the first title, as the second title (under the hope for reward), through occurrence of exigency or creation of recommended caution. The opponents offer reasons such as guidance by reason or reports about the divine grace to criticize the arguments of the advocates. In viewpoint of Imam Khomeini, the reward in the reports handed down from the Infallibles is a reward or prize stipulated by the Lawgiver and depends on the awareness of the doer of the rewards of so and so deed and then in the hope of receiving that reward would practice it. It is just like what happens in Je’aleh contract. Hence, these reports do not allude to receiving reward. In his viewpoint, such reports on encouraging the doer to do what has been recommended by the Infallibles is to protect the traditions and real recommended deeds. The contention of this study is that if the document of the report of what has been handed down from the Infallibles is not fabricated – as some jurisprudents maintain – it is a single report which does not denote to being recommended.

Allowing some of the people of the Book (Jews and Christians)tonarrate the tales and narrations which were rooted in the superstitions and false illusions of the people of the Book and were often attributed to the Prophet and his Companions led to the formation ofIsraelitesin Islamic texts.Most of the Companions and Successorstrusted the narrators of Israelites without deliberating upon the principles of differentiating sound narrations from the unsound ones and consequently a considerable part of narration resources, especially those of the Sunnites, were filled withIsraelites. Following their entrance into the books and interpretations of narrations, these traditions remained in some resources and some otherresources were cleared from such traditions. Since the messianic belief in Islam is based upon the narrations from the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) and the Imams (a.s.), using this proper ideological context,some people made some narrations in the field of messianism and brought some Israeli concepts into sound hadithresources. This article seeks to explore the origins of the infiltration ofIsraelites into messianic narrations and the most significant related issuesseen in thebooks of hadith.

The present study examines the validity of the source in the most visited news channels of Telegram. The research method is descriptive-analytical and conducted by content analysis. The statistical population includes all news posts in Telegram messengers from October 2017 to March 2018. 5 news channels and 3160 news items were selected Using stratified sampling method and weekly statistics. The findings showed that some unreliable news channels had a large number of visitors and a high forwarding rate, despite a large number of fake news outlets. Also, the audience of Persian news channels has visited and forwarded fake news more. Fake news, with an average of more than 97,000 views and forwarding, has been circulating more than true news. The syndrome of low-validity of most visited media is a sign of a chronic anomaly in the Iranian media environment that will have social, economic, cultural and security effects on society.

Evaluation of historical reports and distinction of the pure from the impure is one of the concerns to the researchers of history. Since untrue, distorted, and fabricated traditions have found their way into the written sources, the sorting out and obtaining sound traditions is of utmost importance. With an analytic-descriptive procedure, this article is intended to examine the “presentation of the Qur’an” as one of the procedures for evaluating historical reports with reliance on the rules of scholarly critique – rather than textual proof – and elucidate its range of efficiency. In conclusion, it would be clarified that, as a historical-revelatory, ancient original, sound a free of the four obstacles (personal, tribal, expressive, and commonplace motives), the Qur’an is a scale for assessment of historical reports concerning the Great Prophet’s (S.A.W.) life, which the Qur’an has dealt with or the general Qur’anic descriptions of the Great Prophet (S.A.W.) are about them. Presenting the above-mentioned reports would enable the researchers to take those reports as sound, complete, rejected, or acceptable.

Studying the narrations related to the recorded virtues of Ahl-ul Beit is vitally important to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate ones and draw a seperating line between them. There are  countless narration of virtues attributed to Ahl-ul Beit recorded in historical and Hadith resources whose validity must be investigated thoroughy. Validating the authenticity of any historical account must rely on internal proofs such as content, narrator, and resources as much on external resources such as peripheral accounts. These factors vary from account to account and the extent of impact differs depending on the importance of the role played by each factor. Thuʿbān’s  narration is a typical example whose authenticity must be validated based on proof-testing principles available. The current study aims to investigate the authenticity of it based on the collection of various proofs and references to historical texts. The findings suggest that the differences witnessed in reporters and narrators does not lead to any contradiction, on the contrary, there is an overlap witnessed among the various versions of accounts. However, this report does not have strength as a reference point. In fact, the proofs in regard to the text and text peripheries make the whole report and the whole incident credible.

For distinguishing historical authentic narrations from, Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun false narrations, investigates human community in order to be acquainted with its features and laws. He has established a discipline in this field named ‘’Umran’’ {Development} which covers the beginning of his history book “Kitāb al-ʽIbār”. This discipline deals with the rules governing the community which Ibn-Khaldon claims he has discovered through a discursive method. The main criticism directed to Ibn-Khaldun’s Introduction is that there is something missing in a number of the cases of the social laws mentioned above, especially those which have to do with states. This flaw is ascribed to his way of extracting the laws. The basic problem in Ibn-Khaldun’s laws lies in two things: 1. discarding the area of methods and using a rational method in the area of empirical method 2. abiding the conditions of no method in practice.

Rumour, as one of the hidden tools of propaganda, makes irreparable damages in the involved forces in the scene of war.Considering the verses of the Holy Quran, infidels and hypocrites in the the wars of Ohod, Badr-e-soghra, Hamra-al-asad,Ahzab and Tabouk, have taken benifit of the trick of producing rumours.regarding to the destructive effects of the rumours in the morale of the police,it is very important to analize this phenomenon from the viewpoint of the Holy Quran. What kind of people and by which targets try to make rumours?What are the causes of acception of rumours?What are the outcomes of acception of rumours in the battle field?What are the solutions in confrontation with rumours?The research method in this article is library method. For this aim,regarding that the first and the most important source of this research is the Holy Quran, firstly the verses that are related to the subject have been used as the reference and then they have been categorized and used under the titles and their interpretations have been considered. Findings show that the existence of importance and ambiguity in the military news, delay in the accessability to the correct news, lack of evaluation of the news to become sure of its validity and efforts to get the news that ensure about the faundations, are the causes of creation of the rumours. The most important targets of the enemies, in using the rumours is to make fright and weakness in the determination and spiritual abilities of the forces, deception of the public thoughts, and making disagreement and division between the warriors of the Islam.Taking out the ambiguities, making research ,scrutinizing the reports and their reference, and taking help of experts are of the suitable methods to confronting this method of propaganda and it's negative effects in the war, which have been mentioned times and times in the verses of the Holy Quran in different relevances.

During health crises, such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the spread of fake news and rumors makes it difficult to distinguish real news. Besides, despite dangers, some endanger public safety by avoiding vaccination. It is not clear to what extent the individuals understand the dangers, and are influenced by the fake news. To elucidate the causes of this risky behavior, this study examined the role of fake news detection and risk perception in vaccine acceptance among students of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Research method was survey, and research tool was a combined electronic questionnaire, including vaccine acceptance questionnaire of Montagni et al., fake news detection, developed by the researcher, and the risk perception questionnaire of Champion. The sampling method was voluntary. 382 students from Shiraz University (academic year of 2021-2022) answered the questionnaire. Data were analyzed through chi-square and binary logistic regression tests.

72.0% of students were vaccine acceptant, and 62.8% had a moderate risk perception regarding the disease. Although the students' demographic characteristics and risk perception showed no significant correlation with the vaccine acceptance, their ability to detect fake news had a significant positive correlation. In effect, the participants with higher fake news detection scores were 0.8 times less likely to be classed in the vaccine hesitant group, compared to the vaccine acceptance ones.

Acceptance of fake news about COVID-19 vaccine may reduce the vaccine acceptance. This finding highlights the key role of fake news detection literacy in controlling the behavior of individuals, and thus the safety of society.