This study is to investigate the relationship between fivefold dimensions of attachment, and internalizing and externalizing disorders among Tehran`s adolescent girls. The research is descriptive and is done based on correlation. The statistical society is all Tehran’s14–17 year-old girls in the academic year 1395,in which 115 girls were chosen based on availability sampling method. Data was collected by self-report inventory of child behavior checklist (YSR) of Achenbach and McConaughy (1991), and attachment styles questionnaire (ASQ) of Feeney and Noller (1994), and was analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. Results show that externalizing disorders have respectively negative and positive significant relationship with the dimensions of trust and need for approval, and internalizing disorders have significant positive relationship with need for approval dimension.The results of stepwise regression show that need for approval dimension is predictor of internalizing disorder, and trust and need for approval dimensions are predictors of externalizing disorders. This study illustrates the importance of need for approval dimension as a significant predictor for both internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescent girls, and presents the pattern of low confidence and high need for approval to predict externalizing disorders in adolescent girls. So, training parents about needs of each stage of development is necessary and can influence attachment and mental health.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate and explain the effects of the PATHS program through mediating role of emotion regulation on reduction of internalizing disorders (anxiety and depression). Internalizing disorders are the most prevalent emotional and behavioral disorders among children. The study population includes students of primary schools in Tehran. Research method was quasi experimental and the sample size included 600 male students ages 6-12 years old  who were selected based on inclusion criteria such as same social and economic status, same educational settings, and lack of severe physical and mental disorders. They were selected based on convenience sampling and assigned to control and experimental groups randomly. In order to assess internalizing disorders, each group was evaluated by Achenbach TRF form before and after the interventions. Experimental group received PATHS program for one academic year while the control group received custom educations. Results of ANCOVA indicated that, the experimental group showed significant reductions in subscales of internalizing disorders (P<0.05). Findings of the study showed that the Persian version of PATHS program has significant effects on children's internalizing disorders and it can be used in schools as an evidence based program in social and emotional interventions and to reduce children's internalizing disorders.

Child neglect is associated with negative and long-term consequences in adolescence and adulthood such as internalizing disorders. Identify the mechanism of the relationship between child neglect and internalizing disorders help to identify the therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of emotion regulation in the relationship between child neglect and internalizing disorders such as Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and somatoform disorders. This study was correlational research. The sample of this study consists of 200 high school girl students in Tehran that were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. To collect data, self-reported child abuse, difficulties in emotion regulation scale and youth self-report scale, were used. Correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that neglect of childhood indirectly and through emotional awareness can predict the symptoms of internalizing disorders in adolescent girls (P=0.001) In sum, results show that part of the common variance between the conceptual models of child neglect and internalizing disorders, is the result of the variability in emotional regulation.

Background and The cognitive and emotional state of the parents, especially the mother, plays an important role in the child's behavioral state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dimensions of wisdom and thought control strategies of mothers with symptoms of behavioral disorders in girls.
The research method is descriptive correlational. The research population consisted of all female students with behavioral problems that were studying in the third to fifth grade of elementary school in Kashan in 2017. The sample size consisted of 225 mothers and their daughters, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research tools were behavioral disorders questionnaire (Akhnenbach and Raskorela, 2001), wisdom dimensions questionnaire (Ardelet, 2002), thought control strategies (Wels and Davis, 1994), which were completed by mothers. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regressions analyzes.
Correlation results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between distraction strategies, worry, and punishment with internalizing and externalizing behavioral disorders. Also, the results of the regression analysis show that reflective wisdom, the strategy of distraction, and worry are a significant predictor for externalizing behaviors; and emotional wisdom, distraction, and worry are a significant predictor for internalizing behaviors (P According to this finding, it can be concluded that improving wisdom and thought control strategies of mothers lead to appropriate emotional and behavioral responses and thus reduce behavioral difficulties in children.

The purpose of present study is to compare the neuropsychological performance of students with learning disorder, comorbid with internalizing and externalizing problems. This study was a descriptive-analytic research. Fifteen students with learning disorder and externalizing problems and 15 students with learning disorder and internalizing problems diagnosed and selected by Achenbach test using a convenience sampling. For comparison of their neuropsychological performance, Visual-Motor Bender-gestalt Test, and Fourth Edition of Wechsler Scale for Children were used. There was no significant difference between internalizing and externalizing groups in the growth Mature Scores (z), while the study of the brain injury errors frequency of Bender-Gestalt test showed that the most errors of the externalizing group was the Lack of integrity error, and internalizing group errors was the rotation error. The findings could be utilized in the process of diagnosis and intervention for these students.

There is a lack of knowledge on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework in Iran. Thus, the aim of the present study was to familiarize speech and language pathologists with this framework and the quality of previous studies in this respect through a purposive review of published studies on the application of the ICF framework regarding speech and language impairments in preschool children.
The keywords used included ICF and communication disorder, ICF and language impairment, and ICF and speech impairment. The main data banks searched included PubMed and Web of Knowledge and the search limit consisted of studies published between the years 2005 and 2015.
Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, 6 of the 96 published documents were eligible to be reviewed. All studied papers asserted that the ICF framework, through providing a comprehensive view, provides a concept of children’s speech and language impairment which can create a coherent interaction between empirical evidence and clinical observations. Therefore, it evaluates all obstacles and facilitators of communication for the child. This will result in a more effective and targeted assessment and treatment of speech and language impairments in children. Of all the themes present in the ICF framework, 735 themes were used in the reviewed articles, most of which were related to the activities and participation domains.
Due to its components and their interaction, the ICF framework prevents the sole focusing of physicians, in a traditional and medical sense, on the structure and function of body organs. It provides a comprehensive view on the performance, function, and coordination of individual and environmental factors for the child. The review of these texts shows that they also emphasize the application of this comprehensive approach in the accurate assessment and treatment of speech and language impairments. The quality analysis of the studies showed that the majority of the studies regarding this topic were published in a non-experimental and non-research format. Moreover, very few experimental studies have been performed in this regard, which did not surpass descriptive studies in terms of quality.

Oral manifestations of endocrine disorders may lead to early diagnosis and proper treatment of these disorders. In addition, many of these patients need special care in dental office; therefore, it is mandatory for dentists to be familiar with oral manifestations of these disorders regarding diagnosis and observing the special care they require. To date no study has been performed on the knowledge of dentists about oral manifestations of endocrine disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dentists in Esfahan about oral manifestations of endocrine disorders.
This descriptive‒analytical study was performed on 94 general dental practitioners in Esfahan in 2015‒2016. A 20-score self-made questioner with a Cronbach's alpha value of 2 was used. Data were analyzed with t-test using SPSS (α = 0.05).
The mean knowledge score of the subjects was 11.138 ± 3.23, which was significantly less than the maximum score (p value The knowledge of dentists about the oral manifestations of endocrine disorders was significantly less than what was expected. It seems it is necessary to include oral manifestations of endocrine disorders in the syllabus of dental schools and in continuous dental education programs.

The aim of this research was to compare the comprehensive well-being and family functioning in mothers with emotional disorders children and mothers with normal children.

This study was causal-comparative and its statistical population included mothers of children with emotional disorders and mothers of normal children. Using random sampling, we selected 30 mothers of children with internal emotional disorder and 30 mothers of normal children in primary school in the 4th district of Tehran in the academic year 1397-98. The Akhenbach Emotional Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (1978); Keys Comprehensive Welfare Scale (SWS, 2003) and the Family Functioning Questionnaire (FAD, 1980) were used to screen students. Analysis of information obtained from the questionnaire with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) through spss-v19 software.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between comprehensive welfare and family functioning in these two groups. Mothers with emotional disorders children have lower comprehensive welfare in all its components, including emotional well-being, psychological well-being and social well-being, compared to mothers with normal children. Also, mothers of emotional disorders children have lower family performance in all its components compared to mothers with normal children, including problem solving, maps, emotional companionship, emotional conflict, behavior control and overall performance.

Attention to emotional, psychological and social well-being of mothers of children with emotional disorders can be effective in promoting mental health and improving family performance. Also, the results of this study can be used to inform School principals and educators and improve the level of counseling services in schools provide counseling.

Ergonomic factors can increase the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the ergonomic variables on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders between the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province.
The population studied in this research including 251 peoples of the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province in 2007-2008. The different variables such as driving state, seat position, driver cab condition, the diameter of the steering wheel, steering angle to the horizon and etc were examined. Data analysis was conducted by statistical methods (SPSS-16 and x2 test) and the p-value of 0.05 was used as significant.
The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the slope of the pedals, the height of steering wheel, seat position, availability of the driver cab, steering angle, the use of driver back protector with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the spinal pain due to the driving (p Recognition of many factors in design of equipment of driver cab to create the safe environment for drivers is necessary. Therefore, the condition around of driver in car should be identified and so design that driver feeling comfort and relax on duty.

ECT is a process in which a generalized seizure is induced by passing electrical current for 25 to 150 seconds through the brain under general anesthesia. It is a highly effective treatment for major depression, mania and schizophrenia. Seizure is terminated by active inhibitory processes. The inhibition of seizure is due to the production of endogenous opioids. Naloxone, as an opioid antagonist, may lessen the effect of endogenous opioids. This clinical trial study was conducted to determine the effect of naloxone on length of the seizure. Sixty patients (30 male and 30 female), who met the diagnostic criteria were included in this study. The control group comprised of 30 patients, received ECT without naloxone, and the experimental group comprised of 30 patients, received ECT and 2 mg naloxone (i.v.). Duration of seizure was compared between two groups by t-test. The mean of seizure length was 21.3s in the control and 27.8s in the experimental group. Therefore naloxone can be used for lengthening of seizure and consequently for improving its treatment benefit.