Due to the increasing trend of Hyrcanian deforestation and Iran's significant proportion in CO2 emissions, the Reduction of Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) emission project was implemented in nine steps and two scenarios in Golestan province. In the baseline scenario it was assumed that the trend of past land use changes will continue. In this regard, land use changes were studied using Landsat images of 1984, 2008 and 2018. Transition potential modeling was performed by Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. Then future land use change was predicted under the baseline scenario over a period of 30 years (2018-2048) and CO2 emissions were estimated. In this regard, study area was divided into the project area and leakage belt based on the Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) derived forest suitability map. In the project scenario, some of deforestation activities were controlled. Due to the importance of the project success rate and leakage rate in CO2 emissions, the effectiveness of the project scenario was assessed by changing the leakage rate (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and the project success rate (90, 80, 70, 60 and 50%). Based on the results in the best state (success and leakage rates of 90 and 10% respectively), the amount of CO2 emissions within the project area decreased from 573968.3 tons in 2018 year under the baseline scenario to 66265.5 tons in 2047 year. Evan in the worst state (success and leakage rate of 50% respectively), a decrease in emission was observed compared to the baseline scenario. If any management approach isn't implemented to conserve forests in Golestan province, the amount of CO2 emissions will increase to 662655.9 tons in the year 2047.

In recent decades, concern about global warming as a result of rising greenhouse gas emissions has increased. Accordingly, the identification of factors affecting the emission of greenhouse gases is important. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to investigate concurrent the short and long term relationships between economic growth, population, energy consumption, and trade with the CO2 emissions (as an indicator of environmental quality index) in the MENA region, using data from the 1990-2013 period. For this purpose, firstly, the research model has been specified and after doing usual panel unit root and co-integration tests in panel data, to estimation short and long term coefficients has been used pooled mean group method (PMG). The results indicate a positive impact of economic growth (per capita income) on the CO2 emissions for MENA countries in the long-term and short-term, indicating that these countries are on the upward side of the Kuznets curve. Also, the effect of population, energy consumption and trade on air pollution is positive in the short and long term in the MENA region countries; So that, with a one-percent increase in population, energy consumption and trade variables, CO2 emissions increase in the long-term by 0.36, 0.88 and 0.15 percent respectively, and in the short run by 0.16, 0.52 and 0.07 percent respectively. So can say that in these countries, economic growth, population, energy consumption and trade, causes the CO2 emissions.

The main purpose of this article is studying the short and long run impact of elderly population, urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the Middle East. To this goal, a panel data of 12 Middle East countries over the period of 1990 to 2013 was used. In This study, according to stationary properties of the variables, the panel cointegration approach was applied. Also, based on the results of Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, the short and long-run relationship was estimated by Error Correction Model (ECM) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) respectively. The results imply that significant long run relationships exist among aged population, urbanization, per capita income and per capita energy consumption with environment pollution. Based on the panel cointegration model, empirical results showed that the relationships between elderly population and CO2 emissions per capita is U-shaped and statistically significant. Therefore, CO2 emission decrease at the initial stage of elderly population growth and then grows again with the increase of elderly population and the turning point is around 3 percent. Moreover, the results imply that a relative increase in urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption are positively affect CO2 emissions per capita.

Internet (as one of the most important indicators of ICT) from several channels can affect the air pollution. Accordingly, the main purpose of this paper is to answer the question of whether increasing Internet usage and filling the digital divide between developing and developing countries will affect CO2 emissions in developing countries? In order to achieve this purpos, have been used panel data analysis and fixed effects estimator (FE) and information and statistical data of 30 developing countries (including Iran). The findings of this study indicate that Internet usage has a positive and significant impact on air pollution, but the severity of this effect is negligible. In the long run, with 10 percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people) CO2 emissions will increase by less than 0.01 percent in the studied countries. On this basis, it can be said that Internet usage is not a serious threat for air pollution in developing countries. Based on the results, economic growth, per capita energy consumption, trade intensity and development of market money, have a significant and positive effect on CO2 emissions in the studied countries.

This research is trying to analyse and recognize the variables effecting OECD countries environment.As an index for measuring the environment pollution, weuse CO1emission, than using a panel data econometrics model to analyse the effects of economics growth and Good Governance on CO1emission. The results show no considerable effects from these variables.Considering the history of using Green Tax in thesecountries, we used an econometrics model to see the effect of Green Tax on CO1emission in OECD countries. The outcome supports the strong effect of Green Tax on CO1emission in OECD countries.

The demographic structure, as in other parts of the world, in Iran is changing. These changes are associated with a reduction in the share of children and an increase in the share of the elderly of the total population. The United Nations has predicted that in the years 2015-2030, the population of the elderly will double in Iran. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of demographic structure on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during the period from 1350 to 1394. In this study, based on the results of variables stationary, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was applied. The results of the research indicate that the two demographic (15-64 years) and (0-14 years) periods have a significant impact on CO2 per capita emissions, while the aging population (65 years and older) has a lower effect on CO2 emissions.

Abstract Energy is a significant commodity in the most economic activities and greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption have made the world one of the most significant environmental challenges. In this research, the quality of environment and the welfare influences of decreasing import tariffs between Iran and the member countries of Eurasian Economic Union due to the model of energy-driven global trade analysis project (GTAP-E) and version 10 of its databases, in three scenarios (20% reduction and 60% reduction and 100% reduction in tariff rates) have been analyzed by GEMPACK software package. The results of this research indicate by increasing the degree of commercial liberalization, the volume of CO2 emissions of enterprises, due to the consumption of intermediate goods of domestic and imported production, has reduced and increased, respectively, and by the complete commercial liberalization of Iran and Eurasian Economic Union, CO2 emissions in Iran have decreased by 3.01%, and by increasing degree of trade liberalization, welfare increases.

Today, increasing energy consumption from one hand causes economic growth and on the other hand, increases co2 emissions, which is the main cause of global warming, has become one of the main challenges in managing different countries in the world, so that countries impose rules and restrictions for reducing co2 emissions that will slow down the economic growth. Natural gas is a relatively clean, abundant and cheap energy source, with which not only energy consumption can be met, but also energy consumption structure can be optimized. In this study, the effect of natural gas consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in selected countries by using panel data has been investigated. The results of this study show that in countries with high energy consumption, natural gas consumption has negative effect on co2 emissions, but in countries with low energy consumption, natural gas consumption has no negative effect on co2 emissions, but per capita gross domestic product has a positive effect on co2 emissions.

Energy carriers are one of the most important factors in production and accessing to energy resources can smooth countries economic growth and development process. Also, countries inclination in order to achieving higher economic growth has accompanied with higher using of energy carriers and has led to emission of Greenhouse gas. This leads to create environmental problems threatening human life. Therefore, studying the relation among economic growth, energy using and Greenhouse gas emissions is of particular importance.

Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analysis the interaction among economic growth, energy using and CO2 gas using data from 16 selected countries of the OIC.

The results from estimated model with data panel technique showed that in significant level of 5%, existence the Kuznets inverted U hypothesis is valid in the under-studied countries. Since, the coefficient related to GDP growth variable and its square has positive and negative sign, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that energy using has statistically positive impact on CO2 gas emission in time period 1995-2015.

Given the existence of a one-way causality relationship between GDP growth and CO2 emissions, the economic growth in the studied countries has led to an increase in CO2 emissions and as well as the U reverse relation of economic growth and CO2 emissions, so that in the studied countries, by increasing the growth rate, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions will increase as well. After a certain growth rate and passing through it, with higher economic growth CO2 emissions have also declined in these countries, It is recommended that, in view of the high importance of the environment, the environmental authorities and environmental organizations have adopted appropriate environmental laws and regulations, and technologies have progressed towards eco-friendly technologies and cost financing related to changing technology to environmentally friendly technology, as well as paying taxes which taxes to improve the environment.

This study investigates casual relationship between CO2 emission and gross domestic product per capita in five different country groups, using cross- country data for the period 1960-2007. To achieve the purpose, the co- integration test and error correction models are applied. Results confirm casual relationships between the two variables. A unilateral relationship between GDP and CO2 emission was founded for countries with low and upper middle income and a bilateral relationship for countries with lower middle income and OECDs nations. Using world data, the relationship between GDP and CO2 emission was found bilateral. Furthermore, estimation of long term relationship between CO2 and GDP indicates that all countries are placed at the point ASC of the Kuznets curve. This indicates that for all countries increase of income raise CO2 emission in average. However, the slope of this curve was found increasing for high level income countries and decreasing for low level income countries.