The aim of this research was to determine the effect of social interest training on lifestyle of bullying and victim adolescences. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest posttest, two month Follow-up, and experimental and control groups. The population of the study consisted of bullying and victim male high school students in second and third grades in Abarkooh in the academic year 2015-2016. After administering sociometry and the Olweus Bulling/victimization Revised Questionnaire, on the basis of the results of sociometry those students who were classified as bully and victim were selected. 40 bullying students were assigned to bullying group and 40 students were assigned to victimization group. Then each group was randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. All groups were asked to complete Kern Lifestyle Questionnaire as the pre-test. The experimental groups participated in social interest training for 12 sessions (two sessions per week) separately. The control groups were placed on a waiting list to receive training. At the end of the sessions, all groups were reassessed via reappraisal. Mixed intra-between group multivariate variance analysis and pairwise comparisons results indicated that social interest training improve the lifestyles in the experimental groups as compared to the control groups both in the post- and follow-up tests. The results showed that increasing social interest is certainly a beginning toward positive direction and would encourage the individual to create a lifestyle based on empathy, responsibility, cooperation goals as these would increase the probability of successfully solving the life task problems.

Aim: The current study was designed to investigation relationship between forgiveness and marital satisfaction with mental health of parents of children with mental retardation and normal children.
to fulfill the stated goal 80 parents( 40 mothers with mental retardation and 40 mothers with normal children) Sfrayen city were selected by means of random sampling and the following measuring were administrated on them. Symptoms Checklists 90-R, (SCL-90-R), Enrich Marital Satisfaction Inventory and Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI). Data analysis carried out by using multiple regression analysis.
The result of analysis revealed that magnitude forgiveness and marital satisfaction were positively correlated with each other. Moreover, using multiple regression analysis revealed that marital satisfaction can be predicted signification by subject’s forgiveness scores. In addition, data revealed that mental health mothers of mentally retarded and regular school attending student can significantly in mothers of regular school attending students and mentally retarded student significant correlation existed. Data also confirmed that birth of mentally retarded child had an adverse affects on parent’s mental health.
it can be concluded that the having children with mental retardation have negative effect on mother’s mental health and marital satisfaction.
Theoretical implication and practical application of finding have been discussed in the original paper.

The intimacy is from the strengthen foundations of the couple's love, and the forgiveness is required to control the couple's conflict and quarrel and the staying dynamics of their love. The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of Adlerian group counseling on couple's intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness. The method of the study was quasi-experimental and carried out in the framework of the design of pretest and posttest with control group. The statistical population consisted of the Sanandaj couples of 24-47 years old referring to the counseling and psychological services center of "Partov-e-Bamdad" in 2014 that 3-14 years passed from their marriage. The subjects were 20 people that were selected by non-randomly sampling of convenient and were assigned randomly into two equal groups of 10-people of experimental and control. The members of the experimental group accompanied the 12 sessions of Adlerian group counseling and the control group were on the waiting list. The data were gathered using the Walker and Thompson's intimacy scale (1983) and the interpersonal forgiveness scale of Ehteshamzadeh, Ahadi, Enayati and Heydari (2010). The result of the one variable covariance test indicated that the Adlerian group counseling was effective in increasing the couples intimacy (P=0/001, F=50/011) and all components of interpersonal forgiveness including the re-relationship and controlling the revenge-seeking (P=0/001, F=122/596), controlling the resentment (P=0/013, F=7/646) and the realistic understanding (P=0/001, F=48/563) of spouses. The practice of the Adlerian group counseling increased the couples intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness by enhancing their cooperative interaction and changing their uncompromising ways of life. Therefore, administering other studies to facilitate the usefulness of this practice is recommended for increasing the couples intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness of Iranian couple referring to counseling and psychological services centers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a forgiveness training program on the academic hope of students who have been victims of bullying. This study was an applied and semi-experimental study with pretest/posttest and a control group with one-month follow-up. A sample of 32 male students who were victims of bullying was selected from the high school students of Tabriz in the academic year 2019-2020 using the one-stage cluster sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 16. The experimental group received ten sessions of the forgiveness training. After the training, the posttest results were obtained and analyzed using multivariate covariance. Research instruments included the Bullying Victims Scale (BVS), Academic Hope Scale (AHS), and the Forgiveness Training Package. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS20 software. The results showed that forgiveness training has a positive and significant effect on the components of academic hope in students who are victims of bullying, P <0.01. Based on the results, it can be said that forgiveness training can be a useful coping strategy for bullying victims so that they can use forgiveness to overcome the trauma of past experiences or traumatic events and improve their hope by creating positive emotions. In practice, forgiveness training can be used by educators as a potentially effective approach to improve school hope and prevent victimization.

Forgiveness to others as a moral virtue is emphasized by Islam. In strengthening the preservation of human dignity and altruism and empathy emphasized in nursing ethics codes for nurses, forgiveness has a special place. The aim of this study was to investigate nurse's lived experiences of forgiveness to others in workplace.
This study was conducted based on the qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenological method, which aimed to explore the outcomes of forgiveness based on nurses’ lived experiences. Participants in this study were 25 nurses working in hospitals of Tabriz City, Iran, who were selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected via in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed based on the hermeneutic approach using the analysis method proposed by Diekelmann, Allen, and Tanner. The mentioned interviews continued until no new meanings emerged and until the researchers were satisfied with the depth of their understanding. The extracted meanings were mental solace, spirituality and career.
The nurses in lived experiences of forgiveness to others had achieved mental, spiritual and professional career consequences.
Forgiveness as an important moral act and as one of the factors in nursing ethics codes can play a major role in giving a sense of calm, nearness to god, and positive engagement in the work environment.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of quality of life, adjustment, and forgiveness in predicting marital satisfaction of mothers with slow paced children. The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of girls and boys in Tehran whose children were enrolled in special schools in Tehran during the academic year 2018-2019, including 200 from two special schools for girls (110 individuals) and boys (90 individuals). The sample was selected using available sampling method. Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), the World Organization for Quality Scale (1998), Pollard, Anderson, Anderson, & Jennings Family Forgiveness Questionnaire (1998) and Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1961) were used to collect data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the correlation test showed that there was a significant positive relationship between marital satisfaction and the components of forgiveness, quality of life and adjustment (p <0.01). There is also a significant positive relationship between the components of forgiveness with quality of life and adjustment (p <0.01). Only between forgiveness and marital satisfaction with health adjustment component, no significant relationship was found. The results of the regression analysis showed that adjustment and forgiveness played a positive significant role in predicting marital satisfaction of mothers with children with special needs. Together, these two variables predicted 27% of the variance in the marital satisfaction variable (p<0.01). The results of the present study suggest that forgiveness and compromise may play an effective role in increasing marital satisfaction among women.

Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the forgiveness program in reducing anger problems and promoting anger management in adolescents residing in Tehran Correctional Center. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. In this study, 30 adolescents with behavioral problems residing in the correctional center were selected by available sampling method. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 16 sessions of 120-minute forgiveness training sessions, while the control group was not trained. The data collection tool in this study was the STAXI-2 Spielberger Anger-Trait Anger Questionnaire and the obtained data were analyzed by univariate covariance method using SPSS software version 23. Findings showed that forgiveness program training has a significant effect on anger management skills of adolescents with behavioral problems (p <0.05). Therefore, teaching this program is associated with positive and effective results on controlling and managing the anger of the experimental group, and paying attention to forgiveness programs in reducing adolescent behavioral problems is necessary and of particular importance.

The objective of the present study was to determine the structural equation model of the effects on the severity of transgressions, empathy, guilt and shame, conciliatory behaviors as well as perceived forgiveness and self-forgiveness among University students. It had a causal-correlation research method. The statistical population of the research was all BA students at Isfahan State University in 2013-14 academic year from whom 361 individuals were selected through random sampling method suitable for the sample size. The research instruments included MC Connell questionnaire of meaning differentiation Davis interpersonal reaction, Marschall, Sanftner & Tangney questionnaire of guilt and shame, McCullough, Rachal, Sandage, Worthington, Brown, Hight interpersonal motivation of transgressions, Wohl, DeShea, & Wahkinney self-forgiveness. The results of the study showed that there is a significant opposite relationship between the severity of transgression, guilt, shame and self-forgiveness. There was no significant relationship between conciliatory behaviors and self-forgiveness. Besides, there was a positive significant relationship between empathy as well as self-forgiveness and self-forgiveness. The results of structural modeling, too, showed that the variables of empathy, shame and perceived forgiveness had direct effect on self-forgiveness. Moreover, conciliatory behaviors and perceived forgiveness had mediator roles.

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of forgiveness training program in improving of hope in mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The design was the semi-experimental design (pre-test post-test) with a control group. Experimental group was consisted of 15 participants and was matched with 15 mother in the control group. 3 subjects did not continue the study in each group. Data were analyzed with Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed that forgiveness training program could improve hopeness in mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Regarding the effectiveness of forgiveness training program, instructional interventions could be effective in this group as well as the other neurodevelopmental disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness combination of morality treatment (forgiveness) and emotion-focused on hardiness and attitude towards divorce in women applying for divorce. This ‎experimental ‎research study utilized a pretest-‎posttest and follow-‎up ‎control group design. The research population consisted of all divorce applicant women who referred to family counseling centers in Sabzevar during the first 6 months of 2020. Furthermore, 30 divorce applicant woman were selected as the participants of the study using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. The research instruments included the Kobasa hardiness questionnaire (1979) and Kineard and Gerard attitudes toward divorce Scale (1986(. To analyze the data, repeated measures ‎ANOVA‎ was used. The research findings demonstrated that combination of morality treatment (forgiveness) and emotion-focused was effective on hardiness and attitudes to divorce in divorce applicant couples(p< 0.05). It should be noted that the persistence of the treatment effect was maintained after two months (p< 0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that a combination of ethics-oriented (forgiveness) and emotion-oriented approaches can be used to reduce the problems of women seeking divorce and increase their hardiness in dealing with marital life problems.