Design and effectiveness of training programs in order to reduce the risk of falls and improve balance in older people is considered by many researchers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Otago and Tai Chi exercise programs on balance and risk of falling in elderly men. In the current study, 36 elderly men were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then randomly divided into three groups: Otago exercise, tai chi, and control. Measurement of balance was done using the center of mass displacement and measure of risk of falling was performed using Falls Efficacy Scale-International questionnaire before and after the training program. The participants took Tai Chi and Otago training programs for eight weeks. Displacement of the center of mass was calculated using kinematic data and was recorded using the motion analysis system camera in a standing position. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the risk of falling scores and balance index before and after the training programs in the two intervention groups were statistically different. Such inter-group analysis showed that, compared to Tai Chi exercises, Otago exercises have greater impacts on the balance index and risk of falling scores. According to the results, the difference in the risk of falling scores and balance index before and after the training programs in the two intervention groups were statistically significant. Such inter-group analysis showed that, compared with Tai Chi exercises, Otago exercise, has greater impact on the balance index and risk of falling scores.

Back pain is a common complaint and its prevalence is over 84%. Chief causes of back pain، chronic back pain. The performance of Faalyty bad، poor physical condition، stress and… Treatment of these patients is often to reduce pain، maintain mobility and minimize patient morbidity done. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Tai Chi exercise in selected patients with chronic low back pain on spinal flexor muscle endurance test. Subjects were 60 female patients 30 to 55 years old with chronic low back pain that randomly assigned and divided into three experimental and one control group. Each of the experimental groups received one mode of intervention; Tai Chi exercises، Stretching and William`s exercises. After filling the consent forms، the participants underwent a spinal flexor muscles endurance assessment. The three exercise groups began their special exercises، they were doing their task up to time of tiredness، and the program continued for 6 weeks، while the control group received no training or intervention. At the end of trainings، endurance assessment was carried out again for all participants. Endurance test of spine flexor muscles performed at the angle of 60o، which it’s Reliability and Validity was already approved in many studies. Statistical analysis of data implemented by multivariate analysis of variances (Manova)، (α= 0/05). The research findings showed that the effectiveness and sustainability of Tai Chi method on endurance of spine flexor muscles was more than the two other methods، in patients with chronic low back pain. Considering the positive and sustainable effect of Tai Chi method، it seems to be very useful in improving the muscles` endurance and reducing pain and disability، especially in patients with chronic low back pain.

Different morphologies are factors for the effectiveness of training programs on subjects. The aim of this study was the effect of 8-week Tai Chi exercise on static and dynamic balance in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) with emphasis on mesomorph and endomorph's morphology.
In a clinical trial, 48 patients with MS were purposefully selected. Then, patients were randomly divided into two groups of 24 patients (Tai Chi and control groups) with two sub-groups (12 subjects) mesomorph and endomorph's morphology. Biodex balance system meter was used to measure the subject's balance. Then, the experimental groups did Tai exercises for 8 weeks. To analyze the results, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) at a significant level of P The outcome showed that static balance and dynamic balance between the experimental and control groups was significant different. Effectiveness of Tai Chi exercise on the static balance in patients with endomorph's morphology was better than patients with mesomorph's morphology, which means the effectiveness of these exercise on static balance endomorph's morphology. However, endomorph's morphology as compared to mesomorph's morphology had more improvement regarding dynamic balance, but there was no significant difference for dynamic balance in the mesomorph and endomorph's morphology.
According to the results of this study, Tai Chi exercises are effective intervention for improving the static and dynamic balance in patients with MS with mesomorph and endomorph's morphology and the effect of this practice on balance endomorph's morphology is more than balance mesomorph's morphology.

Aims: The effects of Tai Chi exercises on the ratio of testosterone and cortisol are less clear, but available research evidences show that aerobic or endurance exercises (as Tai Chi is an aerobic exercise) can affect the ratio of these two hormones and the total amounts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercises on the amounts of testosterone and cortisol and also the ratio of serum testosterone to –cortisol in women.
In this quasi-experimental and sectional study in 2015, 42 Tai Chi women were purposefully selected from clubs in Tehran City, Iran, and were divided based on their experience into 3 groups (14 each); the first (6 to 12 months), the second (30 to 42 months) and the third (52 to 64 months). Venous blood samples were taken from all groups after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the levels of cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests.
Findings: There were no significant differences among the three groups according to the mean of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p>0.05).
The history of exercise in Tai Chi women has no effect on the levels of testosterone and serum cortisol and also their ratio.

History and balance disorder is one of the widespread problems in patients who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The literature shows that 78 percent of patients who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis complain about imbalance. Imbalance causes decline in performance independence، expansion of disability، and also increase in danger of falling. Sport and physical activity is an important and non-pharmological way of treatment for improving MS patients’ balance. The present study aims at investigating the influence of Tai Chi training program on patients who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis. 30 females suffering from Multiple Sclerosis participated in this study. Their ages ranged between 20-30 with EDSS degree of 1-4. They were randomly assigned in to experimental (N: 15) and control (N: 15) groups. Tai Chi training program comprised of 8 weeks (3 sessions a week). Berg Balance Scale was used to measure the balance in MS patients. The obtained data was put in to spss 16 software and analyzed using dependent and independent t-tests. the results show that there is a significant difference between the obtained scores before and after the intervention. There is also a significant difference between the average points of balance in experimental and control groups، so that the amount of balance in experimental group was significantly increased after the training period. Tai Chi exercises can lead to increase in balance and decrease in danger of falling in patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis.

This study aimed to explore the cognitive and physical benefits of Tai Chi in elderly populations in Tehran. It sought to understand how regular practice of Tai Chi influences memory, attention, balance, muscle strength, flexibility, anxiety, and sleep quality in older adults. A qualitative research design was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with 29 elderly participants from various senior centers in Tehran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, including individuals over 60 years old who were willing to engage in Tai Chi practice. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo software, with thematic analysis used to identify key themes and subthemes related to the benefits of Tai Chi. The analysis revealed several cognitive benefits, including improved memory, increased concentration, faster information processing, enhanced executive function, and reduced anxiety. Physical benefits included better balance, increased muscle strength, improved flexibility, enhanced cardiovascular health, reduced joint pain, and better sleep quality. Participants reported significant improvements in their overall quality of life, citing enhanced social relationships, increased self-confidence, higher energy levels, better stress management, and improved mood. Tai Chi demonstrates substantial cognitive and physical benefits for elderly populations, supporting its integration into health and wellness programs for seniors. The practice enhances mental and physical health, contributing to a higher quality of life. These findings align with existing literature and underscore the importance of promoting Tai Chi as a non-invasive, effective intervention for elderly individuals. Further research with larger sample sizes and diverse populations is recommended to validate and expand these findings.

Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters always inflict extensive losses and outages in distribution networks while the number and severity of these incidents have often been on the rise in recent years. Therefore, evaluating the resilience of the network and its reversibility in the face of adverse weather conditions and reducing the permeability of the electricity distribution network exposed to natural disasters should be among the planning priorities for the design and optimal operation of these networks. T​this study aims to construct new tie lines between the healthy part and the damaged parts of a network in the event of a possible accident to quickly restore service to the parts that have lost electricity. The paper presents an innovative iteration-based method that uses graph theory to optimize the total objective function, including the cost of constructing tie lines, the cost of reliability, and the cost of resilience. The proposed method was applied to a part of the RBTS test system, and the effect of constructing new tie lines was investigated on the resilience and reliability indicators of the network according to the cost of their construction

The paper address one of the most important objections against representational theory of Michael Tye: The inverted earth exam, which is a counterfactual example has proposed by Ned Block to challenge Tye ,s theory on phenomenal mental states. Tye, in contrast, has illustrated two response which are the main topic of this paper. The first response – according to author ,s arguments – faces with a significant problem; regardless of some peculiar requisites of the theory. The second – final – response, also, can be hit by a counterexample about inverted spectrum proposed by the author. He, finally, concludes that Tye ,s attempts to rescue wide representational theory from the hardship was not successful, and it seems that the above theory should try to find some paths to solve the problem

In this paper , we at first define the general neutrosophic automaton by considering the notion of the neutrosophic set . Then, for the general neutrosophic automaton , we give the notion of assimilation . Then , we present an algorithm to detect the assimilation relationship between two automata and calculate its time complexity . We also show that the union of assimilations on two general neutrosophic automata is itself assimilation between them . In addition , we prove that if there is an assimilation relationship between two general neutrosophic automata , then the language of the two automatons is equal .Next , by considering the largest assimilation between general neutrosophic automata , we present a quotient general neutrosophic automaton and show that this automaton is a minimal general neutrosophic automaton that preserves the language of the automaton . To make the concepts clearer , we give some examples .

The inevitable aging of human life is an inherent and progressive process with an increase in inflammatory and cellular damage markers that over time and gradually increase inflammation and decrease the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tai chi exercise on inflammatory-apoptotic indices of Bax and TNF-α in the elderly. In the present study, 30 elderly women with an average age of 67 years, height 160 cm and weight 73 kg living in a nursing home in Tehran as a statistical population were randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. The subjects underwent medical examinations and if the physician diagnoses that the subjects' participation is unobstructed and also their written consent, the training protocol was performed for eight weeks. In the experimental group, tai chi exercises were performed three times a week, each session lasting 20 to 40 minutes at intensities of 40 to 50% of the reserve heart rate. The control group did not exercise during this time and did their daily chores.The results of statistical analysis showed that the serum TNF-α level after 8 weeks in the training group compared to the control showed a non-significant decrease (0.055) but these changes in the Bax rate in the training group compared to the control significantly decreased. Showed (P = 0.04). Tai Chi exercises as an aerobic-meditation exercise in the elderly have positive effects on reducing inflammatory serum indices and cellular damage TNF-α and Bax, which can play a beneficial role in the health of the elderly and the prevention of heart disease. They have vascular.