To determine incidence of nepoviruses in vineyards of zanjan province, 168 symptomatic and non-symptomatic samples were collected during season growing 2014-2015. Total RNA was extracted from the 57 leaves and green shoots of selected samples and then cDNAs were synthesized. Genomic segment of Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine deformation virus (GDeV), Grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The result revealed that the expected bands were amplified at 15.7, 15.7, 10.5 and 14% of different samples belong to ArMV, GDeV, GFLV and ToRSV, respectively. Following sequencing and multiple alignment of nucleotide sequence of amplified fragments with isolates that retrieved from NCBI. Phylogenetic tree was created by MEGA6 software using Neighbour-Joining method. The result revealed that the Iranian isolates were grouped with reported isolates from different regions around the world based on geographical. This is the first comprehensive study based on molecular methods to determine grapevine nepoviruses in Zanjan province and the first report of GDeV from Zanjna based on our knowledge.

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is a significant pathogen in cherry trees (Prunus avium L.), causing serious damage to agricultural crops. In spring 2022, samples were collected from cherry orchards in Golmakan, Khorasan Razavi province. The collected samples showed symptoms of dwarfism, spotted fruits, and young shoots with short internodes compared to healthy plants. To detect PDV in these samples, a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used with specific primers targeting the movement protein of the virus. The amplified 756-nucleotide fragment was purified and sequenced. The obtained sequence was compared to available sequences in the gene bank using the BLAST tool in NCBI, and the highest similarity was observed with the Bulgarian strain (99.7%, MT152176), while the lowest similarity was observed with the Netherlands strain (88.8%, HM021231). A phylogenetic tree based on the movement protein was constructed, and the PDV strains were classified into two distinct groups, and the Golmakan strain was placed within Group I on the phylogenetic tree. Further comparison of the movement protein sequences among the virus isolates showed that the amino acid sequences of the movement protein and the RNA-binding domain of the movement protein are highly conserved among PDV isolates. In this research, for the first time, the sequence of PDV from Iran was registered in the gene bank (OR541106), originating from a cherry tomato garden. The phylogenetic analysis of PDV was conducted, with a specific focus on the movement protein gene.

Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus</em> (CpCDV, genus Mastrevirus</em>, family Geminiviridae</em>) is one of the most important viral agents which associated with yellowing symptom in the chickpea fields. During the surveys, 2015-2016, 248 chickpea and lentil plant samples showing yellowing symptom were collected from five provinces: Lorestan, Kermanshah, Zanjan, East and West Azarbaijan, in Iran. The samples were tested to CpCDV infection, using TBIA and positive samples in TBIA were tested by PCR. Total DNA of positive samples were extracted and enriched using rolling-circle amplification (RCA). RCA products were restricted using Xho</em> I enzyme and yielding products of ~2.5-6 kb. These fragments were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using specific primers for RepA protein of CpCDV. PCR amplicons with an expected size of ~960 bp were amplified, cloned and sequenced.TBIA and PCR results showed the presence of CpCDV infection in all surveyed provinces with the highest infection in chickpea plants. Nucleotide sequence comparisons showed that Iranian isolates shared the highest identity to strain A, D and F from India, Pakistan, and Yemen. Phylogenetic anlyses showed that Iranian CpCDV strains were grouped with Sudan, Morrocco, India, and Pakistan (strain D, group III), Sudan, Oman, Yemen, and Pakistan (starin F, GroupIV), and Tunesia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey (strain A, group V).

Grapevine virus A (GVA) belongs to Vitivirus genus and is one of the most important causes of wood rugose in grapes. During the years 2019 to 2021, a total of 79 leaf samples showing symptoms of leaf yellowing and reddening from vineyards of Khorasan Razavi Province (including Bardaskan, Kashmar, Khalilabad, and Mohammadiyeh) were collected. The initial infection of the samples to GVA was directly checked using an ELISA test, and the final confirmation of results was performed by RT-PCR with specific primers. Total RNA extraction was performed from scraped bark of young stems using CTAB method. GVA was detected in 14 samples through the ELISA test, and a fragment of 238 base pairs from the p10 protein was amplified in these 14 samples using RT-PCR. The amplified products from four samples were ligated into the pTG19-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were sequenced bidirectionally. The obtained sequences were compared with the other GVA sequences in GenBank using BlastN tool and the nucleotide similarity was 85.7-95%. The phylogenetic tree based on p10 protein showed there are four main groups, and Khorasan Razavi isolates classified within the fourth group. Comparison of p10-protein sequence of Iranian isolates with other isolates showed there is a conserved region in N-terminal region, which includes an arginine-rich motif followed by a zinc-finger motif. There have been many studies on other viruses of grape in this province, but this is the first study on ithe phylogenyof GVA isolates in the vineyards of Khorasan Razavi province.

این مقاله قصد دارد که با استفاده از تحلیل بارافزون به تحلیل لرزه ای بر مبنای عملکرد پوشش تونل های کم عمقی که در خاک ساخته شده اند و تحت بارگذاری موج برشی قائم قرار گرفته اند بپردازد. تحلیل بارافزون یک تحلیل استاتیک غیرخطی است که بر اساس جابجا کردن جانبی مدل دو بعدی خاک و تونل عمل می کند. این تحلیل تنها مود تغییر شکل اعوجاج (رکینگ) مقطع عرضی پوشش تونل را ارزیابی می کند و نسبت به سایر روش های عددی تحلیل لرزه ای دارای مزیت استفاده از طیف شتاب پاسخ استاندارد نهشته ی خاکی به عنوان تقاضای لرزه ای می باشد. در ابتدا پاسخ یک تونل نمونه بر اثر چهار زلزله به طور جداگانه به وسیله تحلیل بارافزون محاسبه شد. در ادامه روش بکار گیری یک طیف استاندارد نمونه به عنوان تقاضا در تحلیل بارافزون بیان گردید که در آن از طیف استاندارد ساختمان فیما 302 استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل بارافزون با انجام تحلیل دینامیکی تاریخچه زمانی غیرخطی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت و روش تحلیل بارافزون تایید شد. با این وجود برای بکار گیری این روش به مطالعات بیشتری جهت ارائه یک طیف استاندارد قابل قبول، که با طبیعت ژئوتکنیکی نهشته خاکی حاوی تونل کم عمق سازگاری داشته باشد، الزامی است.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the viruses limiting tobacco and potato production in the world. To investigate the biological and molecular characteristics of PVY isolates, during 2010-2011, a total of 1178 symptomatic leaf samples of tobacco, potato, pepper and grand cherry (Physalis divaricata) plants were collected from eight different cities including Karaj, Urmia, Sanandaj, Shiraz, Qazvin, Varamin and Hamedan of Iran. The samples were tested serologically by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) and PVY was detected in tobacco (27.27 %), potato (20.4 %) and grand cherry (18.75 %) samples, with no infection in pepper samples. Four biologically purified PVY isolates (Po2, Po5, Tob2 and Ph1) revealed few differences in experimental host range studies among 12 test plant species. After amplification of the 3´ genomic end of four PVY isolates with the expected size of 1200 bp, phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of partial coat protein gene (encoding N- terminal region of coat protein) revealed that Tob2, Po5 and Ph1 isolates grouped into PVYN/NTN clade, while only isolate Po2 grouped into PVYO clade. The results of IC-RT-PCR using strain-specific primers and further pairwise nucleotide sequence comparisons and strain-specific motifs analysis in the predicted amino acid sequences of the N-terminal region of coat protein confirmed the results of phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of Physalis divaricata infection with PVYN/NTN strain in the world.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a supreme pathogen in tropical and subtropical areas. During 2014-2015, a total of 393 tomato samples showing Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) symptoms were collected from six different provinces of Iraq. In serological assays, 55 out of 393 samples (14%) reacted positively with TYLCV-specific antibodies .The presence of TYLCV was verified in 21 (out of 55 samples showing tomato yellow leaf curl disease) samples by PCR. Coat protein gene (V1) of 16 TYLCV isolates was amplified using specific primers and cloned. Nucleotide sequence of Iraqi TYLCV isolates V1 gene shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity of 94.1-99.6% in CP gene with Kuwait and Iraq isolates. In phylogenetic analysis based on V1 nucleotide sequences, Iraqi isolates were separated into two main groups and three subgroups, without correlation with geographical origin. Genetic diversity parameters based on V1 nucleotide sequences indicated a high genetic variability in Iraqi population of TYLCV. The proportion of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide diversity was <1.0, indicating that this gene is under negative selection. A low gene flow was observed between southern and centric Iraq subpopulations, demonstrating genetic differentiation among Iraqi subpopulations. This is the first study dealt with distribution and genetic variation of TYLCV in Iraq. Full length viral genome sequencing of TYLCV isolates of Iraq is necessary to defferentiate virus strain(s) in Iraq.

Abstract
Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) (Potyvirus, Potyviridae), is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of garlic (Allium sativum) causing significant yield losses worldwide. In this study, in order to identify LYSV, sampling was performed from Shushtar in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, 28 garlic leaf samples with chlorosis, mosaic and deformity were collected. Preliminary evaluation of the infection was performed using potyvirus-degenerate primers related to each of the CI (Cylindrical Inclusion) and NIb (Nuclear Inclusion body) genomic regions using RT-PCR test. Electrophoresis of PCR product on 1% agarose gel showed the presence of 700 and 350 bp fragments in 15 samples out of 28 collected samples, respectively. However, the results of nucleotide sequencing only confirmed the contamination of 3 samples out of 15 samples with LYSV. To complete the study, an isolate called LYSV-AE65 was selected and tested using two specific primer pairs for the complete sequence of CI and CP (Coat Protein) genes. The PCR product of each genome fragment was sequenced following cloning in the plasmid vector pTG19-T. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of each of the CI and CP genes separately, no clear correlation was found between LYSV isolates similarities, their geographical origins and host range. Moreover, recombination analysis by RDP4 revealed that no potential recombination event/s happened between LYSV-AE65 from Iran with their respective isolates from NCBI in CI and CP genes. This study is the first molecular study of LYSV in Iran.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most important tomato infecting viruses worldwide. In this study, symptomatic plant samples of Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), broad bean, soybean, basil and euphorbia (Euphorbia sp. L.) were collected from Jiroft farms (Kerman province) in 2018-2019 and TYLCV infection as well as association of Tomato leaf curl betasatellite (ToLCB) and/or Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDarSLA) with some of the samples were identified. Complete nucleotide sequences of the genome of five selected TYLCV isolates obtained from five plant hosts shared identities of 90-99% with each other and 88-97 with the selected GenBank isolates of TYLCV. Furthermore, the genome of ToLCB isolates from Moldavian dragonhead, broad bean, soybean and basil shared identities of 96-99% with each other and 94-95% with the counterpart betasatellite molecules from the GenBank database. Nucleotide sequence of GDarSLA, identified in soybean shared 93-98% identities with two Iranian GenBank isolates of GDarSLA. The above five plants are reported as new natural hosts of TYLCV, ToLCB and/or GDarSLA in Iran and also Moldavian dragonhead as well as broad bean are reported as new natural hosts of the virus in the world. Results of the current study indicate that TYLCV and the associated betasatellite have a wide distribution in Jiroft farms (Kerman province).

گردشگری به عنوان بزرگترین و پیچیده ترین صنعت دنیا محسوب می گردد. تنوع ابعاد و پیچیدگی های صنعت گردشگری متناسب با مناطق جغرافیایی، زمینه های ویژه ای جهت برنامه ریزی و مدیریت گردشگری می طلبد. گردشگری از طریق ایجاد شغل و کسب درآمد می تواند مناطقی را که استعداد گردشگری را دارد به عنوان یکی از عناصر کلیدی توسعه مطر ح نماید. در میان شهرهای مختلف کشور، شهر خرم آباد به سبب قدمت تاریخی، شمار فراوان جاذبه ها و نیز تنوع در آن ها از شهر های بارز کشور به شمار می آید. محله باباطاهر به سبب داشتن آثار تاریخی متعددی ازجمله مجاورت با قلعه فلک الافلاک، بازار میرزا سید رضا، مقبره باباطاهر، چند خانه تاریخی، حمام باشی، میدان گپ، حمام گپ و… قابلیت های زیادی را برای تبدیل به قطب مهمی از گردشگری را دارد. لذا هدف اصلی این تحقیق، تحلیل و ارزیابی قابلیت های توسعه صنعت گردشگری بافت تاریخی خرم آباد (محله باباطاهر) می باشد. روش تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی – تحلیلی و از نوع تحقیقات پژوهشی- کاربردی می باشد. نتایج به دست آمده در مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP نشان می دهد که جاذبه های تاریخی- فرهنگی با ضریب (656/0) ، زیرساخت ها با ضریب (185/0) و تسهیلات و خدمات با ضریب (156/0) به ترتیب اهمیت بالاترین نمره را به خود اختصاص داده اند. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی ماتریس SWOT نشان می دهد که بزرگ ترین عدد به دست آمده مربوط به os که نقاط فرصت و قوت پروژه می باشد که باید "استراتژی تهاجمی " اتخاذ شود ، در این استژاتژی os {حداکثر- حداکثر} می باشد که باید با بهره گیری از نقاط قوت از فرصت های موجود نهایت استفاده را کرد.