One of the economic goals in many countries is providing favorable conditions to boost economic growth. One of the favorable conditions for increasing the production and economic growth is investment in economic infrastructures. In general, investment in economic infrastructures, boost production and economic growth through increasing the factors such as: productivity, development of market area, equilibrium between supply and demand, creating positive externality effects, making better environment for competition and increasing the welfare level. The objectives of this study are investigating the effect of investment per worker in economic infrastructures on the non-oil gross domestic production per worker and investigating the interaction of capital per worker, non-oil economic growth per worker and investment per worker in economic infrastructures. Vector autoregressive model has been used for empirical investigation during the period of 1961-2006. The empirical results of this study show that in long run the effect of investment per worker in the economic infrastructures on the non-oil gross domestic production per worker is positive and investment per worker in the communication infrastructures has the highest effect and investment per worker in energy infrastructure has the lowest effect on the non-oil domestic production per worker. Empirical results also show that in short run the relationship between non-oil economic growth per worker and investment growth per worker in the economic infrastructures is insignificant, but the effect of capital growth per worker on the non-oil economic growth per worker and investment per worker in the infrastructures is significant and positive.

In economic literature, using economic growth resources and parameters (work, capital and technology) are important in the process of economic growth and development. When the economy has a higher level of development, application of physical and human resource intensity will gradually reduce and we try to improve the quality level of resources by technical changes and changes in the efficiency of the factors of production. Therefore, by using capital and work factors more efficiently as well as technology, conditions for increasing the total productivity of production factors in economic activities are provided because continuous and higher level of economic growth in the whole economy leads to faster transition of production structure from one stage to another in economic development. In these structural changes, the higher contribution of productivity of all the production factors will lead to better production instead of bad production (using physical resources rather than the quality change of production).. Nowadays, the quality of human capital plays an important role in a coherent and coordinated system to achieve the higher economic growth goals ; so that workforce with higher knowledge will have higher productivity and higher productivity of the workforce is known as driving force of economic growth.
This research seeks to investigate the human capital quality of the workforce in the industrial sector and in the provinces by using the dynamic panel model and workforce education level of the Ginni coefficient index and its effect on workforce productivity during 1379-1392 years. This was a descriptive and an applied research. Theoretical discussions were collected through library research (books and article), mining documents and taking notes. The population of the study included all information and statistics related to the variables of workforce education (human capital) and workforce productivity in the industrial sector of the country, and the sample was also the information and statistics of the industrial sector by province. Data were collected using time series, economic indicators, magazines and published statistics by the Statistical Center of Iran.
Findings: The results of the Ginni coefficient index of the level of education of the workforce showed that in all provinces during the study period the dispersion of the level of education of the workforce has decreased.. Considering the estimation of research model, all explanatory variables of research (Gini coefficient of education level of the workforce, per capita wage, physical capital per capita and technology indicator) had a significant effect on workforce productivity. Dependent variable lag (workforce productivity) had a positive and significance relationship with workforce productivity which, shows that workforce productivity dynamics acts positively . Among studied variables, the variable workforce per capita wage in the industrial sector had the most effect on dependent variable, workforce productivity. The Effect of training distribution or workforce education level distribution in the industrial sector is negative on workforce productivity.. At last, physical capital per capita and technology index had positive and significant effect with workforce productivity.
The importance of workforce in the production process at the macro and micro level is clear, however, despite the emphasis on policies, the performance of workforce productivity in the Iranian economy in recent decades has shown that the potential of the workforce in the production process has not been used. Considering the results of the research, that the per capita wage variable has the greatest impact on labor productivity and that this variable has been introduced as an indicator of the motivation of the workforce in the model, it is suggested to pay particular attention to the motivational factors of the workforce, especially the wage level. Moreover, in order to improve the productivity of the workforce in the industrial sector, the dispersion of workforce education must be reduced

The purposes of this paper are the investigation of convergence hypothesis for GDP per labor in the presence of spatial dependence, and estimation of the spatial spillover effects of economic growth among the 11 adjacent countries of Caspian Sea during 1990 to 2010. Hence, the spatial Solow model has been estimated in the framework of spatial dynamic panel data. The results indicate that conditional beta convergence hypothesis is true for the countries under investigation and every country with average speed of 26.2% moves in the balanced growth path towards its own steady state. Moreover, according to the spatial Durbin model, there is a positive spatial autocorrelation of per labor GDP among adjacent countries of Caspian Sea; if the weighted average of neighboring countries per capita labor GDP of a country increases one percent, average per capita income of the country's labor force will raise 0.75 percent. Deepening regional cooperation and the development of common markets in order to gain more economic benefits are the two important policy proposed in this study.

The present study investigated the effect of the quality of the academic research on the economic growth per capita (GDP/p,c.) using Generalized Method of Moments over 2004-12 for MENA countries. For this purpose, the number of cited articles were used as a proxy of evaluating academic education and research quality along with variables such as Growth of Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) and export of goods and services over Gross Domestic Product (Exp/gdp). The results of estimation indicated a positive and significant effect of the quality of the academic research on GDP/p,c. which highlights the role of the academic education and research in the economic growth per capita in MENA countries. Moreover, the effect of Exp/gdp and GTFP on GDP/p,c. was evaluated significant and positive. With respect to total results of estimation, investment in the enhancement of the quality of the academic education and research, and training young workforce are vital for the sustainable economic growth. Additionally, total productivity growth and the export-based development strategies should be included in the macroeconomic policies.

This paper aims to analyze factors affecting employment across nine economic sectors in the economy of Iran over the period of 1973-2011. Based on the results of dynamic models used for ARDL estimation of employment functions across all economic sectors, it is revealed that production variable has had a positive impact on employment and per capita capital, where as an index of relative cost of employing labor(w/r), bearing a negative impact on employment. Moreover, the impact of Total Factor Productivity, treated as an index of technology, on demand for labor has been negative and statistically meaningful for agriculture, industry, utilities (electricity, gas and water), telecommunications and other service sectors. As such, it is concluded that growth in production plays a significant role for growth in employment generation, but one should not overlook the negative impact of per capita capital and technological progress on labor employment. Estimations based on employment functions indicate that if average growth is achieved at 8% per annum, during the Sixth Development Plan, the average net annual job creation will be around 949,000 and the unemployment rate will fall to 9%.

This study aims at examining factors affecting energy consumption and carbon intensity in agriculture sector. To get this aim، data for 1353-1391 (1974-2012) were applied. Factors affecting energy and carbon intensity in agriculture sector are per capita GDP، energy price، labor، per capita capital and capital growth. Findings of the study showed that per capita GDP and labor- per capita capital ratio had negative effect on energy consumption intensity، however capital accumulation led to higher carbon emissions.

In investigation of effective factors on economic growth and per-capita income، in addition to investment in physical and human capital، social stability، role of government، type of political system، and population growth، “population age structure” is one of the effective and important factors absent from much of body of research. Therefore، in this paper، we study the effect of population age structure on per-capita income، with emphasis on the role of population in labor supply and human capital. Doing so، firstly we design and extract an empirical model that shows the relationship between population age structure and per-capita income according to the neoclassical growth literature، then in the next step، the model was tested experimentally. For an empirical test of the model، information available on 82 countries for the period 1982 to 2008 has been used. The results suggest that with 1-per cent increase in the share of the population under 15 years in overall population، per-capita income decreases by 1. 08 per cent. With a 1-per cent increase in the share of the population 15 to 64 years and 1-per cent increase in the share of the population over 65، the per-capita income increases by 3. 39 per cent and 0. 34 per cent، respectively.

Economic growth is an important objective of economic policymaking. Its benefits, however, do not proportionately reach low-income deciles of population that depend on labor income. Using time series data for the 1964-2016 period, this paper investigates wage-ledness of supply side of the Iranian economy. Empirical findings indicate that per capita growth of labor force compensation has a significant positive effect on economic growth. In addition, causality tests confirm that if production becomes more labor-intensive (increase in labor share), then the benefits of economic growth directly go to the pocket of lower-income deciles and the Gini coefficient declines. Therefore, wage-led sustainable growth strategy is a desirable strategy for the dual purpose of increasing growth and poverty alleviation. For this purpose, a structure of production that relies on relative labor abundance and labor-intensive sectors with comparative advantage will help foreign sector of the economy become a wage-led sector, inducing a cycle of wage-led demand and wage-led supply in the economy.