The aime of this study was to investigate a transdiagnostic model for explaining comorbidity between anxiety and depression based on the overcontrolling, sensivity to reward and sensivity to threat.The participants were 586 students of Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, University of Tabriz and Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in Iran. Data were collected by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), behavioural inhibtion/Behavioural activation scale (BAS/BIS), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (AEQ) and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS). Sensitivity to reward with overcontrolling mediation affects anxiety and depression with standard coefficients of -0.29 and -0.36. Also, sensitivity to threat with standardized coefficients of 0.31 and 0.39, respectively, have a significant effect on anxiety and depression by the mediation of overcontrolling. Our findings proposes a suitable framework for explaining comorbidity between depression and anxiety. Low sensitivity to reward and high sensitivity to threat by the mediation role of overcontrolling could predict comorbidity between anxiety and depression. These findings can be useful in understanding the etiology of comorbid emotional disorders, and developing  efficacious therapeutic interventions and prevention of  comorbid emotional disorders.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and Sensitivity to threat with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), using structural equation modeling (SEM). The research design was descriptive-correlation study. The participants were 586 students of Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, University of Tabriz and Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in Iran. They were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were collected by Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R), Frost Perfectionism Scale, BIS/BAS scales, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. SEM confirmed the proposed model (χ2 /df = 2.32, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.94, AGFI = 0.92) and indicated that maladaptive perfectionism and Sensitivity to threat with standardized coefficients of 0.32 and 0.38, respectively, have a significant effect on OCD by the mediation of IU at the P˂0.05 level. The findings, supporting the theoretical model, proposes a suitable framework for psychopathology of the disorder that emphasizes high maladaptive perfectionism and high sensitivity to threat by the mediation of IU due OCD. These findings, can be useful in developing etiology and efficacious therapeutic interventions for OCD.

The objective of this study were to investigate Lynch’s theory of psychopathology with regard to depression. students from three universities in Tehran (n= 521) was selected by convenience sampling method. The measures used in this study were negative temperament scale of Schedule of Non-adaptive and Adaptive Personality, Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, maladaptive perfectionism subscales of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, Personal Need for Structure Scale, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The results showed that the model has good fit with data. Bootstrap analysis also confirmed the mediating role of over-controlling and social disconnectedness. Accordingly, the interaction of sensitivity to threats, sensitivity to rewards and parental perfectionism leads to development of an over-controlling coping style; this coping style leads to disturbance in social connectedness and subsequently to depression. Therefore, the results of this study support the Lynch’s model of psychopathology for depression.

Diabetes a major threat fo public health today and deaths resulting from its later complications such as diabetic foot, have increased alarmingly, causing physical and emotional problems and disability for diabetic patients. The current strategy for prevention of diabetic foot prevention is health education. This study was conducted to assess effects of educational interventions based on the HBM model used in food care by type 2 diabtetic patients. This is an interventional study in which 108 type 2 diabetic patients attending the the Kermanshah diabetic centre participated. They were randomly divided into the case and control groups. For data collection by interview a questionnaire consisting of 59 questions arranged in 5 sections including the demographic HBM model parts (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers) and also cues of action foot care at home (self-reporting) and the checklist section was used. Realibility and validity of this questionnaire was confirmed before the study. Educational interventions based on HBM model were implemented in three 60 minute-sessions after completion of questionnaires and the data was again collected after one month. Findings showed means for knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, mean grades were at average levels and whereas the foot care mean grade was below average. After intervention, however, the results demonstrated that knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, action and checklist mean grades in type 2 diabetic patients increased significantly in the case group. The findings of this study showed that foot care increased when knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, elevated. These study results confirm the effectiveness and influence of the use of the HBM model in foot care by type 2 diabetic patients.

Investigating factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors in women with osteoporosis using patterns that identify the effective factors which influence and reinforce on behavior is necessary. This study aims to evaluate the preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in women in Fasa using the health belief model and social cognitive theory.
In this Descriptive- Analytical ,cross-sectional study, 401 women 30 to 50 years covered by health centers in Fasa were chosen. Scale factors for health belief model structures (perceived susceptibility, severity, threat, benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, practice guidelines) and the structure of
self-regulation, social protection of social cognitive theory, and questionnaire of functional feeding and walking were determined to prevent osteoporosis in women. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
The average age of women was 40/9± 6/2 years. The variables of perceived susceptibility, motivation, social support and self-regulation for walking behavior and variables of perceived sensitivity and self-regulation for feeding behavior were predicted. There was a significant association between walking performance and perceived susceptibility (B=0.252 ,p=0/007), motivation (B=0.235 ,p=0.009), social support (B=0.078 ,p=0.030) and Self-regulation (B=0.105 ,p=0.007). In this study, there was a significant association between nutritional performance and perceived susceptibility (B=0.10,p=0.02), self-regulation (r=0.069 ,p=0.050). The variables under study expressed 29/1% of the variance in walking behavior and 20/2% of the variance in feeding behavior in osteoporosis prevention.
The study indicated that perceived susceptibility, motivation, self-regulation and social support, otherwise more people might have osteoporosis preventive behaviors better .Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for the prevention of osteoporosis in women and can help to improve and maintain their health.

Investigating factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors in women with osteoporosis using patterns that identify the effective factors which influence and reinforce on behavior is necessary. This study aims to determination the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in women in Fasa using the health belief model and social cognitive theory in 2014. In this cross-sectional study, 401 women 30 to 50 years covered by health centers in Fasa were randomly chosen. Scale factors for health belief model (perceived susceptibility, severity, threat, benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, practice guidelines) and the self-regulation, social support structure of social cognitive theory, and function feeding and walking were determined to prevent osteoporosis in women. Finally, using the SPSS version 16software through tests, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) test and analysis including Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, ANOVA and t-test were analyzed and significance level of less than0/05. The average age of women was 40/9± 6/2 years. The variables of perceived susceptibility, motivation, social support and self-regulation for walking behavior and variables of perceived sensitivity and self-regulation for feeding behavior were predicted. There was a significant association between walking performance and perceived susceptibility (r=136, p=0/007), motivation (r=120, p=0/016), social support (r=0/068, p=0/030) and Self-regulation (r=118, p=0/018). In this study, there was a significant association between nutritional performance and perceived susceptibility (r=0/068,p=0/003), Self-efficacy (r=0/039, p=0/042) self-regulation (r=0/069, p=0/070) and there was a significant inverse correlation with perceived barriers (r=/047, p=-0/050). The variables under study expressed 29/1% of the variance in walking behavior and 20/2% of the variance in feeding behavior in osteoporosis prevention. This study indicated health belief model, self-regulatory structures and social support in predicting feeding and walking behavior for the prevention of osteoporosis. Hence, these models can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for the prevention of osteoporosis in women and can help to improve and maintain their health.

The continuation of technology integration in order to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems through the Internet exposes information security to increasing risks. Organizations can achieve a strategic advantage by securing information as a central information asset. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the effect of work-related organizational factors, protection motivation, and planned behavior on information security protection with the mediating role of information protection motivation. The current research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. Data collection has been done using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of this research is all the employees of the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Organization in the information technology department, whose number is about 1500 people. Also, the sample size was calculated according to Cochran's formula equal to 320 people who were randomly selected. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software were used. The results of the research showed that the variables of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, threat sensitivity, threat intensity, self-efficacy, response cost, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms have a significant effect on the motivation to protect information. Also, the significant effect of information protection motivation on information security protection behaviors was also confirmed.

Respecting oral health behavior in high risk pregnant women is very important for their health and the infant’s health. Health belief model is one of the psychological models that describe health behaviors by focusing on the beliefs and attitudes of the individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of oral health care in pregnant women based on health belief model in Arak، Iran. 340 pregnant women were selected with random sampling method from health centers in Arak، Iran. The health belief model scale (susceptibility، severity، threat، benefit، barriers، perceived self-efficacy and manuals) as well as their performance of the oral health care behaviors was assessed through interview and observation. Among the variables of health belief model، self-efficacy and perceived barriers were the most predicting factor of oral health behavior in pregnant women. The mean performance of women on oral health care was 43. 1 ± 9. 7. In this study، between performance and perceived susceptibility (r = 0. 44)، perceived severity (r = 0. 51) and self-efficacy (r = 0. 61)، a positive correlation was observed (P < 0. 05). However، between the perceived barriers of oral health care and mother’s behavior an inverse relationship was observed (r = -0. 65). The above variables expressed 46. 8% of the variance in oral health care behaviors. The present study showed the performance of health belief model in predicting the oral health care decisions for pregnant women. Therefore، this model can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions in order to reduce dental decay، and can help maintaining the health of mothers and infants during pregnancy.

Nutrition in pregnancy has an important role in fetus and mother health, and also in the pregnancy outcome. One of the significant changes related to nutrition is weight gain of pregnant women as one of the influencing indicators which is measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). This study was conducted to determine nutritional education effect upon pregnancy weight gain in pregnant women on the basis of health belief model (HBM) in Gonabad, Iran. This is a quasi-experimental randomized and controlled study on 110 pregnant women referring to health centers in Gonabad, Iran. They were divided into experimental and control groups who participated in the study, in the year of 2009. The data of two groups were collected by reliable and valid questionnaires during the first part of pregnancy care in pre-test stage. Then, two educational sessions were held for the experimental group. Post test was done for both groups in the last stage of pregnancy care, and the data were analyzed by paired T, T independent, the correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square. A p<0.05 was considered to be significant. No significant differences were found between the education, parity, abortion, jobs and the mean age of the two groups. After the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, threat, benefits and barriers and nutritional behavior in the experimental group, significantly changed in the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, statistical analyses showed a significant difference between the two groups in gaining recommended weight in pregnancy. While 77.78% of the experimental group members achieved recommend MBI, just 32.29% of those in the control group had a gain in this criterion. This study proved that HBM application in nutritional education was successfully effective to gain recommended weight in pregnancy, so that increasing suitable weight gain reached maximum and un-standardized weight gain reached minimum in accordance with women BMI.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy and emotion-focused therapy on ambiguity tolerance and threat sensitivity in married women with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population consisted of all married female patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to one of the psychological and psychiatric counseling and services centers in Pars-Abad city of Ardabil province for treatment between July and October of 2021. among which 45 were randomly selected by purposeful sampling in the groups receiving Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (15 people), emotion-focused therapy (15 people), and the control group (15 people). Data collection tools were: Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale, Ambiguity Tolerance Scale, and Threat Sensitivity Questionnaire. Each interventional treatment was performed during 8 weekly sessions, and the control group did not receive any specific treatment during this period of time. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Internet and focused on emotion was effective on ambiguity tolerance and threat sensitivity in married women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05). Moreover, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatment methods (P<0.05).

The results have potentially significant practical effects for specialists and therapists to pay attention to the effectiveness of treatment methods used in improving the consequences of obsessive-compulsive disorder.