Insecticides are one of the most important pesticides applied in Iran and، during the last two decades، have accounted for about 50 percent of pesticide usage. However، the negative impacts of insecticide have resulted in several environmental problems and placed human health in danger. In this study، the environmental impacts of registered insecticides in Iran were evaluated using the environmental impact quotient (EIQ). EIQ has three major variables، namely the farm worker، consumer and ecology for which the final score is the average of these variables. Following this، insecticides were classified according to the International Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) classification and the results for each class were analyzed. Results show that، potentially، classes 2 and 6 (based on EIQ scores) are the most hazardous and Imidacloprid، which is classified in group 4، received the highest EIQ score. Considering the active ingredients of registered insecticide، EIQ scores، and their rates of application in Iran during 2000-05، the EIQfield which demonstrates practical hazards was calculated. According to this، classes 2، 1 and 4 are، respectively، the most hazardous insecticides. Therefore، it seems that it is vital to find an alternative for Imidacloprid. Considering the environmental impacts of pesticides and their mode of action simultaneously could be a valuable approach in order to achieve sustainable pest management in sustainable agriculture.

The combination of biological and chemical insecticides is very important to control wheat thrips ‎and reduce the dose of chemical insecticides. Therefore, in this study, insecticidal activity of botanical ‎‎(Tondexir and Palizin) and microbial pesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t)) in comparison with chemical ‎‎(Thiacloprid and Thiacloprid+Deltamethrin) insecticides on wheat thrips was investigated.‎‏ ‏A completely ‎randomized experiment was performed with three replications and five concentrations of each insecticide. ‎Based on the lowest LC50, a chemical insecticide and a botanical insecticide were selected. Their LC15 and ‎LC30 concentrations were combined with microbial insecticide and 48 h later, the mortality was calculated. ‎Mortality increased with increasing concentrations of chemical and botanical insecticides. The lowest ‎amount of LC50 was related to Thiacloprid+Deltamethrin and Palizin which were used in combination with ‎microbial insecticide. The highest mortality (76.67%) was related to the combination treatment of ‎B.t+Thiacloprid+Deltamethrin LC15, which can be recommended after field studies as a alternative‏ ‏of ‎chemical insecticides‏ ‏to protect wheat against thrips.‎

Due to the long-term use of some chemical insecticides to control rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis in rice fields in the north of Iran and in order to prevent the development of stem borer resistance to them, it is necessary to use new insecticides such as thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate granules 4% (Vibrant®) to control this pest. Experimental treatments in this research include, 1- (VibrantR) granule insecticide 4% at the rate of 10 kg/ha. 2- (VibrantR) granule insecticide at the rate of 12.5 kg/ha. 3- (VibrantR) granule insecticide 4% at the rate of 15 Kg/ha. 4- Diazinon granule insecticide 10% at the rate of 15 kg/ha. 5- Fipronil granule insecticide 0.2% at the rate of 20 kg/ha. 6- Control (only watering). The present study was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The following characteristics including: the percentage of dead hearts in the first generation, the percentage of white heads in the second generation, the percentage of insecticide efficiency, the population of larvae and the yield of rice were evaluated. The results of this research showed that among the tested insecticides, (Vibrant®) insecticide in amounts of 12.5 and 15 kg per hectare has significant advantage in controlling the rice stem bore for the first and second generations of the pest, respectively. Also, the results of this study showed that the least contamination of dead hearts (5.22%), white heads (2.33%), the highest larval mortality (86.01%) and the highest yield (4020.83 kg/ha.) was observed in the treatment Vibrant 4% in the amount of 15 kg/ha. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicate that the new thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate insecticide has a good potential in controlling rice striped stem borer and can be used for integrated management of stem borer in paddy field ecosystems.

History and German beetles are the most common beetles in human dwellings. They show different sensitivity to insecticides according to the region. Therefore, for determination for their sensitivity, they were collected from Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospitals and Shabihkhani maternity hospital and exposed to different insecticides during the years 1995-1996. Beetles were collected by hand or by putting trap. After 48h of their capture in laboratory according to standards of WHO, they were exposed to Ectelic (0.12 g/m² and 0.2 g/m²), Sulfak (0.2 g/m²), Kupex (0.125 g/m² and 0.25 g/m²) and Ficam (0.24 g/m²) and knock down experiments. In this study regression analysis and criteria KT50 and KT90 were calculated. For Ectelic insecticide (0.12 g/m²), a mortality of 45%, 53% and 65% was obtained in Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospitals and Shabihkhani maternity hospital respectively. For Sulfak insecticide (0.2 g/m²), KT50 was 9.87. 6.72 and 5.51 min in Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospitals and Shabihkhani maternity hospital respectively. For Kupex insecticide (0.12 g/m²), KT50 was 23.9, 9.93 and 7.89 min in Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospital and Shabihkhani maternity hospital respectively. And for Ficam (0.24 g/m²). KT50 was 31.23, 14.98 and 16.20 min in Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospitals and Shabihkhani maternity hospital respectively. For Ectelic and Kupex insecticides, there was not a 100% mortality rate after 24h and with a higher dose of Ectelic, mortality rate was 74%, 80% and 88% in Naghavi, Shaheed Beheshti hospitals and Shabihkhani maternity hospital respectively. For Kupex (0.25 g/m²), mortality was 100%. It is concluded that sensitivity of beetles is different to different insecticides and also according to the site of collection. Multiple and repetitive use of these insecticides can lead to increased resistance.

This study was conducted to investigate commercial formulations of insecticides against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).The insects were collected from commercial greenhouses of cucumber in Varamin, Iran. The tested insecticides were diazinon (EC 60%), cypermethrin (EC 40%), fipronil (EC 2.5%), imidacloprid (SC 35%) and a botanical insecticide oxymatrine (Kingbo, AS 0.6%). Fipronil had the highest efficacy among all tested insecticides (LC50 = 17.97 ppm). However, imidacloprid had the lowest efficacy (LC50 = 2303 ppm). The oxymatrine was effective (LC50 = 69.94 ppm) after fipronil.

It is necessary to investigate side effects of insecticides on natural enemies of pests. In this study, toxicity of spirotetramat, acetamiprid, pirimicarb and flonicamid was investigated on parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall). Furthermore, sublethal effect of the insecticides were evaluated on the functional response of the parasitoid to densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 of third instar nymphs of Aphis fabae Scopoli under laboratory conditions. Residual bioassay method was used to determine the toxicity of the insecticides on parasitoid adults. For functional response assay, mated females (

Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton is a key pest of wheat and barley fields that lead to use chemical control against the overwintered adults in wheat fields. Hence, to control this pest, two commercial insecticides, Deltamethrin EC 2.5% and Fenitrothion EC 50%, were used relatively for a long time. In this research, the efficiencies of lambda cyhalothrin SC 5% (Hef-Lambda ®), as a new insecticide, were compared with two mentioned insecticides against overwintered adults in wheat fields of three provinces, Isfahan, Lorestan and Kermanshah. Comparison were done in a randomized complete block design with threeconcentration ofHef-Lambda (200, 150 and 100 ml/ha), along with concentrations commonly used for Fenitrothion,Deltamethrin (1000 ml/ha and 300 ml/ha respectively) and control with four replications. The results showed that the efficiencies of Hef-Lambda (in two concentrations 200 and 150 ml/ha) and Fenitrothion and Deltamethrin on the 10th day after treatment were higher than 90% and there was no significant difference between them. So that average mortality for those treatments in overwintered adults were 91.79, 97.64, 96.72 and 91.75% respectively. In contrast, Hef-Lambda 100 ml /ha, with the 74.07% efficiency, was in the next group. According to the results, Hef-Lambda has a good efficiency against this pest in field conditions and can be used as an alternative insecticide compare with the two mentioned insecticides, in order to reduce the possibility of resistance in Sun pest against insecticides. As the final result recommended concentration of Hef-Lambda for control of Sun pest is 150 ml/ha, in order to getting an acceptable efficiency and a low risk of contamination for environment.