According to 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who, among other elements, "is unable or … unwilling to avail himself of the protection of " the country of his nationality. At the first glance, it seems that this element is dependent on the will of the refugee applicant, yet in dealing with refugee cases it has been construed as the lack of the protection which the states areobliged to provide to their nationals. Therefore, the status of a refugee for being unable or unwilling to avail himself under the protection of a State is not proved unless the will of The State for not providing him the protection is demonstrated. To this end, the refugee applicant should, while not having the possibility of resorting to the principle ofinternal flight, have demanded the protection from the state and also been outside the country of his nationality.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current state and SWOT of hosting mega sporting event in Iran. Research method and type were descriptive and fundamental, respectively. Results showed that currently Iran has not good situation for hosting mega sport events, but had a potential for hosing and holding mega sport events. Support of Iranian people, security, tourism attraction, geographic situation, infrastructures and economic potential were identified as strengths points. Some weaknesses were transportation system, infrastructures and sport venues, human resource, management, economic sanctions by western countries, unstable government support, and lack of international lobbying power. Some opportunities were development of infrastructure, growth of the tourism industry, increased Iranian prestige, and development of social relationship. Finally, some threats included strong rivals, cost pressure of the event, uncertain management, and losing government support.

One of the most important success factors in the path of knowledge-based economy is the creation and development of smart infrastructures in the national innovation system. Science and technology parks are one of the most essential components of the national innovation system and the connecting link between universities and industry in different countries. They are considered an effective mechanism for promoting innovation and developing start-up businesses. This study aimed to investigate University Science and Technology Park as a key factor in promoting national economic development. In order to deepen the topic, China's experience in technology and innovation and the success factors of China Science Park were explored. The research method was descriptive and analytical, using the document study method. The result indicated that the university science and technology park, as one of the links of the technology chain, played a significant role in the successful implementation of the mission of the university and the national economic development. The findings of the case study of China showed that the University Science Park was a good place to explore the relationship between government, university, and industry in China. Since the 1980s, the Chinese government has started to direct science and technology toward the market and has designed new policies to diversify the financial resources of universities. With government support from higher education and the implementation of targeted plans and programs, including the development of science and technology parks and the encouragement and support of innovation and technology, it succeeded in achieving significant economic progress. Promoting the commercialization of university technology and establishing a region for the management of university spin-off companies were among the primary goals of establishing a university science park in China. The results indicated that among the factors that influence the success of science parks in China were: governmental support, scientific and economic environment of innovation, the governance and management of park, stakeholders, and infrastructures.

The purpose of this study was to model entrepreneurship development in sports tourism in Iran based on a structural-interpretive approach. The present research is a qualitative research with analytical nature and in terms of nature and purpose is an applied research that was performed by interpretive structural method. The data collection tools required for the research were library studies, interviews and structural-interpretive questionnaires. According to the research findings, 68 indicators were subset of 9 institutional factors including political and legal factors, managerial factors, economic factors, cultural and social factors, education and research, human resources, technology and technology, infrastructure and tourist attractions. The purpose of the study was at 6 levels and political and legal factors were identified at the sixth level as the cornerstone of the model. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that in the first step, government support for entrepreneurs in this field is the biggest success factor for the development of entrepreneurship in sports tourism so that the private sector can encourage and support the government by investing and entering this field. Be an important arm for the development of sports tourism in Iran.

Considering the fact that fossil fuels resources with their extreme environmental contaminants are coming to an end, clean and renewable energy utilization is taken into account. One of the simplest renewable energy resources which can also be used for heating and cooling is ground source heat pump (GSHP). Not only natural gas utilization is very costly because of subsidies for Iranian government, but also imposes massive amount of air pollution into the atmosphere and causes external costs as well. In this paper, by modeling the buildings which are having construction permission in district 11 of Tehran city by 2014, the exchange of GSHP’s with common systems by government support is studied. The results showed that by using GSHP in each year, more than 100’568 tons of air pollutant is prevented to be spread and the amount of reduced environmental costs due to contaminant is estimated to be 641’364 $. Besides, 12’931’360 cubic meters of natural gas can be saved annually. Regarding to gas exportation price in 2014, 3’232’840 $ profit will be gained from gas exportation. After all, Iranian government strategies to encourage households in order to apply this system are discussed. It is found with government supports for using GSHP’s, the rate of return will be changed from 18 years (with no governmental support) to less than 2 years.

Companies in a competitive environment of world trade need to use new ways of innovatation and playing a social role to create value and improve financial performance. Also companies tend to benefit from government support to obtain financial resources and low-cost facilities, production subsidies, and tax exemptions. Government support can play a role in performance of innovation and social responsibility of managers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of political communication on innovation and social responsibility. For this purpose, a sample of 132 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 1392 to 1397 were examined. Research hypotheses were tested using combined data and using multiple and logit regression in Stata and Eviews software. The findings of the research hypothesis test show Government support have a negative and significant effect on innovative activities. In companies with Government support, access to financial resources, production subsidies and market sales of products is higher, and as a result, managers of these companies pay less attention to innovation in activities and processes, especially the use of new management accounting techniques. Also, in companies with Government support, due to government financial support, there is less concern about poor social performance, and as a result, the provision of information in this area is reduced

The aim of this research is to verify the effect of environmental regulations on environmental and economic performance through the establishment of a green supply chain with the mediating role of government support and private sector participation with a green innovation approach. The research is practical and descriptive in terms of objective and data selection. The statistical population of the study is experts and pundits available in the field of the supply chain in the industrial park of greater Tehran. 136 people were selected by the non-probabilistic sampling method. Research data are collected according to a standard questionnaire. All extracted data are analyzed using SmartPls statistical software with a variance-based structural equation approach. Statistical indicators such as Cronbach's alpha Composite Reliability, criterion validity and convergence validity of mean-variance, and Fornell and Larker divergence validity have been used to explain the validity of the published questionnaire. The results of the study show that environmental regulations affected the establishment of a green supply chain with the mediating role of government support and private and public partnerships 0.228 and 0.627, respectively, affecting environmental performance. The direct effect of establishing a green supply chain on economic performance in short-term and medium-long term performance were 0.769 and 0.653 respectively. The result of the study can be deployed in green supply chain management (GSCM) at manufacturing companies, especially are located in Tehran. Through the approach of environmental regulations, government support, and the participation of companies in the profitability of themselves, the growth rate can be observed in the economic performance of the country.

Citizenship stems from the mutual relations of the state and the individual. These relations involve, on the one hand, the state's support of the individual. In the present article, the concept of citizenship is defined using three basic elements: political identity, equality of participation and legal equality. Political identity is characterized with identity with the nation-state; equality of participation is characterized with the right to elect and being elected; legal equality is characterized with the equal rights of distribution and equality of opportunities. The results of the secondary analysis of the data show that, first, the four empirical dimensions of citizenship are in the following order in terms of the contributions they make to the formation of this concept: sense of equality of opportunities, sense of equal rights of distribution, sense of political identity and, finally, sense of equality of participation. Second, the sense of civizenship with respect to the three elements of equality of opportunities, equal distribution of rights and equality of participation is rather moderate, whereas the sense of political identity is very strong. Third, the intensity of the four dimensions of citizenship is almost the same among various ethnic, religious, professional and educational groups, with the social strata hardly affecting the sense of citizenship. The weakness of the sense of citizenship in the three areas mentioned and the strength of the sense of political loyalty shows, on the one hand, a drop in the resources of civil legitimacy and, on the other hand, the existence of other resources of legitimacy, specially religious legitimacy. This explains the fact that, in spite of the weak record of the state in safeguarding the rights of citizenship, the sense of loyalty to the state is still strong among Iranian citizens. This, it is suggested, is because the religious resources of legitimacy compensate for the drop in the resources of civil legitimacy.

In today's competitive market-based economy, which has been associated with the international rapid changes and has created a process transition from an industrial society to an information society, entrepreneurship as the engine of development, can play an important role in economic growth of countries. Because according the study by research institutions around the world, the Level of entrepreneurship equal to the level of development and have recognized the direct relationship between GDP growth and infrastructure and government support of entrepreneurs. In our country has very limited support entrepreneurship centers and entrepreneurs with all the problems, while trying to convert the idea into a product should be responsible for all investment risk. Support centers for entrepreneurs due to lack of financial support and lack of strong support from the authorities are unable to meet the financial needs of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs by creating small businesses with limited capital and sometimes enter into an economic and industrial move with low loan and in many cases lose their life and resources for industrial development. Entrepreneurship development is not possible without government support because the experience of other countries that have traveled the path of development, suggesting that without government support, entrepreneurship development is impossible. If the government provides financial support to entrepreneurs, the development activities are carried out more quickly and a lot of nodes on the entrepreneurial path will be opened. Governments do not produce entrepreneurs also has a duty to prepare the environment for fostering of entrepreneurs, government strategies can lead to the creation of a suitable environment for the business. Therefore, this article discusses the types of support services and infrastructure required for the development of entrepreneurship and would be considered the experience of different countries in this area.

With the rise of investment treaties, investor-state arbitration became the main solution to adjudicate the investment disputes and therefor diplomatic protection claims have declined in numbers. Most investment treaties also provide that each treaty party can bring a state- state arbitral claim against another treaty party concerning disputes about the interpretation or application of the treaty. Furthermore, home state of investor can bring a diplomatic protection claim for violations suffered by it's nationals against the host state. As there is an applicable investment treaty between the dispute's parties, this kind of diplomatic protection claims is subject to distinct rules and prerequisites, governed by the treaty rather than by customary international law. A peculiar focus is placed hereby on the necessity to exhaust local remedies before proceedings may be initiated and on mixed claims that entail espoused claims as well as claims for an own and direct violation of the state.