Previous findings have shown the many functions of nostalgia, for example, increasing mental health, and the current research aimed to explain those findings by testing the theoretical explanation that the benefits of nostalgia come from the fact that nostalgia reminds us of our intrinsic self. Aiming to investigate the effect of nostalgia on authenticity (intrinsic self-expression) and extrinsic self-definition (concern about meeting society's standards and the expectations of others), Out of 30,000 mobile phone subscribers in Tehran and Karaj, 451 (200 men) with an average age of 40 years were sampled by the convenience method and in an experimental design were randomly assigned to two groups of nostalgia (who thought of a nostalgic memory) and no nostalgia (who thought of an ordinary memory). Intrinsic self-expression was measured by the Authenticity Inventory (Kernis and Goldman, 2006) and extrinsic self-definition by the Extrinsic Contingency Focus Scale (Williams et al., 2010). T-tests showed that the nostalgia group rated their past personality more authentic and reported less extrinsic self-definition and Conditional Process Modelling showed that nostalgia reduced extrinsic self-definition by increasing authenticity. Based on these findings, nostalgia can help in the treatment of mental disorders.

Previous findings have shown the many functions of nostalgia, for example, increasing mental health, and the current research aimed to explain those findings by testing the theoretical explanation that the benefits of nostalgia come from the fact that nostalgia reminds us of our intrinsic self. Aiming to investigate the effect of nostalgia on authenticity (intrinsic self-expression) and extrinsic self-definition (concern about meeting society's standards and the expectations of others), Out of 30,000 mobile phone subscribers in Tehran and Karaj, 451 (200 men) with an average age of 40 years were sampled by the convenience method and in an experimental design were randomly assigned to two groups of nostalgia (who thought of a nostalgic memory) and no nostalgia (who thought of an ordinary memory). Intrinsic self-expression was measured by the Authenticity Inventory (Kernis and Goldman, 2006) and extrinsic self-definition by the Extrinsic Contingency Focus Scale (Williams et al., 2010). T-tests showed that the nostalgia group rated their past personality more authentic and reported less extrinsic self-definition and Conditional Process Modelling showed that nostalgia reduced extrinsic self-definition by increasing authenticity. Based on these findings, nostalgia can help in the treatment of mental disorders.

Nathalie Sarraute is one of the pioneers of the new novel in France. In all of Sarraute's works, there is a kind of linguistic disorder and confusion, rooted in indescribable feelings. This feeling is the equivalent of a phenomenon called tropism. Sarraute borrowed the term from biology and defined it as indefinable movements, which slide very rapidly to the limits of our consciousness. They are at the origin of our gestures, of our words, and of the feelings we manifest, we believe to experience. For Sarraute, language, besides the outer part—the apparent part of the message— has an inner part that has not yet reached the stage of message production. This interior part corresponds to the uncertain movements to which Sarraute refers in the definition of tropism. The verbal disturbances in Sarraute’s text are due to the existence of the same outlaw and uncontrollable inner language, which is much more powerful than conventional and external language. In fact, surrendering to outer and conventional language guides the desire to be social and communicable to others, but the problem of the characters exists in their inability to transfer feelings perfectly in the form of normal and external language. Their inner language is so powerful that it affects the outer language and disturbs it. In this article, we examine briefly a number of communication problems caused by the tension of the inner language in the words of the characters.