The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different gamification mechanics on the user engagement in mobile applications using objective and subjective data. In this study, we evaluated user engagement in “BESHNO” audiobook application as a case study by comparison between results of objective and subjective data. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlational, causal-comparative and experimental. The sample size of this study is 390 users of the "BESHNO" audio book application (130 users per each gamification mechanic). The results of this study showed that based on the objective and subjective data analysis, using different gamification mechanics has a different effect on the amount and dimensions of user engagement. There is also a significant difference between the findings of objective and subjective data analysis regarding the level of user engagement. However, there is a similar pattern in objective and subjective data analysis when using different gamification mechanics. In addition, the results of this study showed that the "Badge" gamification mechanic is the most effective and the "Reward" gamification mechanic is the least effective mechanics on user engagement.

Achieving optimal acoustic conditions in urban public areas emerges as a crucial element in enhancing the overall well-being and satisfaction of inhabitants. Urban parks stand out as pivotal public spaces, with park benches playing a fundamental role as key pieces of furniture contributing to visitors' comfort. The primary aim of this study revolves around evaluating the suitability of existing acoustic comfort standards concerning the placement of seating facilities within parks. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research focuses on Laleh Park in Tehran as a case study, where the sound levels at designated seating areas are quantified using a decibel meter, while subjective perceptions of acoustic comfort are gathered through a structured questionnaire. Through a spatial analysis integrating both objective and subjective data, areas with inadequate acoustic conditions are pinpointed. Notably, the calculated Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.692) highlights a significant association between objective and subjective assessments of acoustic comfort at seating locations within the park. Results reveal that southern seating areas, encompassing approximately 15 stations, exhibit substandard acoustic comfort mainly due to their proximity to the bustling Keshavarz Boulevard. Conversely, seating locations near Bazarche Laleh Park and the Tehran Museum of Arts are deemed satisfactory. Out of the 19 monitored stations, 14 feature bench seats, 4 offer backless seating, and 1 provides pavilions. Among the stations with moderate acoustic comfort, comprising 38 stations in total, bench seats are predominant (23 stations), followed by backless seats (10 stations) and pavilions (15 stations). Conversely, stations with superior acoustic comfort are predominantly situated in the northern section, adjacent to facilities catering to children and teenagers as well as the carpet museum. In conclusion, the acoustic comfort level at Laleh Park is moderate to subpar concerning its geographical setting. The study suggests considering the installation of acoustic-enhanced park chairs as a potential solution to improve overall maintenance, in conjunction with other pertinent factors.

Throughout history, aesthetics has been considered as an ancient attraction and has been discussed in various fields. Beauty is not just a matter of the mind, it must be understood as an objective truth. The strcutures of the Islamic era, as important urban phenomena, are of special importance in terms of aesthetic features. Thus, in recent decades, foreign and domestic researchers have examined various aspects of such a perspective. Thus this research, exclusively, emphasizes the aesthetic dimension of the environment and the form of architecture. This research study is carried out via an analytical-applied means with a "survey method" in field studies; moreover, data is collected by objective observation of Islamic buildings and a subjective "questionnaire”. The prioritization of objective and subjective aesthetic data of the body and place of architecture, particularly contemporary Islamic architecture is the focus of this research. The research findings show that the objective and mental criteria of people and architects are slightly different, but the objective perception of beauty of the environment and the body of architecture in both groups is significant. Likewise, the study of data displays that the beauty of the structure, body and architectural space has an imperative effect on the objective and mental understanding of the aesthetics of architecture.

Research objectives:

1. Examining the objective and subjective dimensions of the aesthetics of Islamic architecture 2. Research and prioritization of aesthetic indicators in objective and subjective dimensions in contemporary Islamic architecture

Research questions:

1. How have the objective and subjective dimensions of aesthetics been reflected in the works of contemporary Islamic architecture? 2. What effect does the beauty of the structure and space of architecture have on the objective and subjective understanding of the aesthetics of architecture?

The first step towards achieving a desirable living environment is identifying resident's satisfaction factors that are affecting the quality of their residential environment. So planner should pay attention to both physical and quantitative index of quality of life and also to satisfaction, aspirations, and mentality of the citizens. This paper measures the quality of residential environment with the focus on new urbanism principals and evaluation of satisfaction in residential units by type of housing in regards to people's subjective and objective imagination in the new neighborhood of Shahid Hematifar in the city of Kerman. The research method is descriptive, comparative and survey. By utilizing one sample T test, Friedman, independent sample T, confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS and Amos software the Subjective and objective data in three dimensions of social, physical environment and communication networks and access modes are gathered by desk and field studies. According to research results, the satisfaction ratio is acceptable. Satisfaction ratio of residential environment quality in single family houses is higher than apartment buildings. In regards to mixed and variety type of housing in this neighborhood, only in terms of relaxation and comfort criteria, significant differences were observed, and single family houses were given priority. Also, the most important factor affecting the satisfaction of the residential units is building's physical features and accommodation facilities. From the perspective of the neighborhood residents, the criteria of the physical and social environment are more important factors in satisfaction of environmental quality than access and transportation networks.

The rapid and uncontrolled growth of tourism, that has influenced the economic foundations of rural economy, has caused different economic impacts and consequences in the rural areas of the central district of the city of Nowshahr. The purpose of this study is to recognize and analyze the impacts of tourism in this area based on the principles of sustainable tourism and relevant theoretical bases. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytic, utilizing objective and subjective data based on questionnaires administered to household heads and the rural settlers. In analyzing the data, parametric statistical tests such as Pierson’s correlation test and nonparametric tests such as Spearman’s correlation test and Chi-squire were used. The results of this study indicate that tourism has brought positive consequences such as job creation for the youths, has increased income for the inhabitants, it has also brought negative economic consequences such as increased prices of goods and services in the tourism season, an increase in land price and the increase of living cost for the inhabitants and the excessive reliance of the rural economy upon tourism. So, the monopolization of rural economy through the dominance of the tourism and the inability of the tourism sector to establish an effective links with other economic activities and its inability to play a complimentary role, is in conflict with the principles of rural tourism. Therefore, it seems that the continuation of such a process will pose some problems and challenges to the foundations of economic development of the rural areas under investigation in the long term.

One of the main challenges of recent decades (1380-1390), in rural areas of Iran is land use change as a result of tourism activities, so that become a national challenge and has extensive consequences. Environmental effects of mentioned challenge are considered as one of the most important items. Accordingly, this article seeks to identify and analyze the environmental Effects of land use changes resulting from tourism activities in rural areas of the central district of Tonekabon. The research method is descriptive-analytic and used both objective and subjective data based on questionnaires completed by the inhabitants of the villages. Data collected by questionnaires have been processed using SPSS statistical software, and based on research objective and nature of the data; one sample t-tests and Pearson were used. The results approved the relationship between “development of tourism” and “environmental effects” of land use change in the study area, but this relationship is the reverse. Thus, tourism development led to negative environmental effects more than positive ones. As well as other results showed no significant difference between the eleven surveyed villages in relation to environmental effects.

The Economics Values are the result of Economic Human’s measurement of Society environment. These values are categorized in subjective and objective concepts. Also subjective and objectives value could play different roles in dynamic systems. In particular, the discovery of Maximum principle for optimal path can be described as a dynamics objective and subjective values. In this regard, dynamic Subjective values rely on mental variables such as: time preference, liquidity premium, and impatience, rate of marginal utility diminishing and time elasticity of consumption. Dynamic Objective values emphasize on natural root of value, such as: labor value’s theorem, population growth and in some case implies production function’s condition like that capital rate of return and in some cases they imply. The collection of these values create dynamic phenomena in economics literature. The phenomena like that intertemporal interest rate, interatemporal interest rate, wage rate, population growth could be explained. In This paper the concepts of value and its dynamic feature in Islamic philosophy (as a paradigm of Islamic economics thought) has been explained. In this regard, the paper introduces the concept of movement and time (as an ability to move and continuity and gradually actualized) in Islamic philosophy. In another step, the criticizes optimal time path of consumption, saving, capital accumulation growth and money growth path in dynamic control problem by argument and paradigm of Islamic philosophy of time and motion .As a result, the paper concludes that the time variables which do not have subjective roots and do not have the ability of moving and growth in dynamic optimal path.in contrast, the dynamic values which relay on human factor could create economic growth.

Human well-being is one of the main goals of sustainable rural development. Indeed, human well-being demonstrates rural societies’ quality of life. This concept consists of objective and subjective well-being dimensions. Although it is assumed that objective well-being is rationally related to subjective well-being, this relationship has not been fully confirmed in past studies. Three main reasons including the geographical level of assessment, the type of data used, and different epistemological perspectives have separated objective well-being assessment from the subjective one. We used the same geographical level, type of data used, as well as epistemological perspective in order to evaluate the relationship between objective well-being and subjective well-being among rice farmers. Using a questionnaire, a survey was carried out among 384 rice farmers (Response rate= 92.3%) in the main rice cultivation areas in Iran. The study sample was chosen by a two-stages cluster random sampling technique. Face to face personal interview was also used as the form of data collection. The results of structural equation modeling illustrated that farmers’ perception of economic, social, and environmental well-being as objective well-being domains significantly explained their subjective well-being constructs including happiness as well as life satisfaction. In fact, life satisfaction and happiness would be changed once farmers mentally perceive objective well-being domains. Therefore, objective well-being indicators can affect subjective well-being constructs, including life satisfaction and happiness, if they are assessed based on farmers’ self-evaluation.

There are two main dimensions for quality of life: objective quality of life and subjective quality of life. The writers of this research study the relationship between social capital and quality of life and its two main dimensions. Data are collected from the city of Mashhad and it show that social capital has a greater role in the explanation of quality of life comparing to income and education. Income is the most important factor for explanation of objective quality of life and social capital is the most important factor for explanation of subjective quality of life. Income has also a considerable effect on subjective quality of life and social capital has a considerable effect on objective quality of life. Education has some positive effects on both dimensions of quality of life.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between social capital (Bonding and Bridging) with the law-aversion (subjective and objective) was conducted. And its boundary is the entire province of Ilam. This research is a descriptive study and a tool for collecting information from this questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens over 18 years old in 1395. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster, and a sample size of 384 was determined based on Morgan's table. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software and correlation test. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive relationship and meaningful between Bonding social capital with subjective and objective law-aversion and Bridging social capital of weak with subjective and objective law-aversion there. The results of the structural equation model test show that the Bonding social capital variable explains 68% of the variance of the dependent variable in the society, and the Bridging social capital predicts the variance of 92% variance of the dependent variable of the law-aversion in society. According to the findings of this research, the factors affecting the law-aversion in Ilam province are the erosion of Bridging capital and the overcoming of social capital bonding.