eHealth is the concept of using the stored digital data to achieve clinical, educational, and administrative goals and meet the needs of patients, experts, and medical care providers. Expansion of the utilization of information technology and in particular, the Internet of Things (IoT) in eHealth, raises various challenges, where the most important one is security and access control. In this regard, different security requirements have been defined; such as the physician’s access to the patient’s EHR (electronic health record) based on the physician’s physical location, detection of emergency conditions and dynamically granting access to the existing physician or nurse, preserving patients’ privacy based on their preferences, and delegation of duties and related permissions. In security and access control models presented in the literature, we cannot find a model satisfying all these requirements altogether. To fill this gap, in this paper, we present a privacy preserving dynamic access control model with access delegation capability in eHealth (called TbDAC). The proposed model is able to tackle the security challenges of these environments when the physicians and nurses access the patients’ EHR. The model also includes the data structures, procedures, and the mechanisms necessary for providing the access delegation capability. The proposed access control model in this paper is in fact a family of models named TbDAC for access control in eHealth considering the usual hospital procedures. In the core model (called TbDAC0), two primitive concepts including team and role are employed for access control in hospitals. In this model, a set of permission-types is assigned to each role and a medical team (including a set of hospital staff with their roles) is assigned to each patient. In fact the role of a person in a team determines his/her permissions on the health information of the patient. Since patients’ vital information is collected from some IoT sensors, a dynamic access control using a set of dynamic and context-aware access rules is considered in this model. Detecting emergency conditions and providing proper permissions for the nearest physicians and nurses (using location information) is a key feature in this model. Since health information is one of the most sensitive individuals’ personal information, the core model has been enhanced to be a privacy preserving access control model (named TbDAC1). To this aim, the purpose of information usage and the privacy preferences of the patients are considered in the access control enforcement procedure. Delegation of duties is a necessity in medical care. Thus, we added access delegation capability to the core model and proposed the third member of the model family, which is named TbDAC2. The complete model that considers all security requirements of these environments including emergency conditions, privacy, and delegation is the last member of this family, named TbDAC3. In each one of the presented models, the therapeutic process carried out in the hospitals, the relational model, and the entities used in the model are precisely and formally defined. Furthermore in each model, the access control process and the dynamic access rules for different situations are defined. Evaluation of the proposed model is carried out using three approaches; comparing the model with the models proposed in related research, assessing the real-world scenarios in a case study, and designing and implementing a prototype of an access control system based on the proposed model for mobile Android devices. The evaluations show the considerable capabilities of the model in satisfying the security requirements in comparison to the existing models which proposed in related research and also its applicability in practice for different simple and complicated access scenarios.

Financial inclusion means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs in a reliable and sustainable way. Reducing poverty and unemployment rate along with increasing economic growth are considered to be the most important advantages of financial inclusion. Given the importance of this subject, the concept of financial inclusion has been explained; moreover, a composite index has been developed to measure financial inclusion in this article. Using designed financial inclusion composite index (FICI), the financial inclusion measures have been calculated in each province of Iran and theses provinces have been ranked. The results show that Tehran, Semnan and Yazd provinces have the highest level of financial inclusion and Systan Balouchestan, Khouzestan and Western Azarbayejan provinces have the lowest level of financial inclusion. Finally, the parameters, which have lowered the rank of these provinces in reaching suitable financial inclusion index, have been studied.

In most Iranian cities, people regard an urban space as a way to pass through, and these spaces encourage them to flee instead of inviting them to pause and socialize. However, urban spaces are basically where social interaction takes shape, and attempts to improve their quality is one of the most important goals of urban design knowledge in the contemporary era. In the past, sidewalks and squares had a particular position in the central parts of cities. With the expansion of cities and the emergence of cars travelling around them, sidewalks and squares have suffered plenty of damage through the imposed vehicle access networks. Imam Ali Square in the city of Isfahan, Iran is a space that has lost its value and significance throughout history due to the changes in its spatial structure. These changes have resulted in the destruction or reconstruction of spaces that were once considered as parts of the area of the square. Proper access is one of the most important characteristics of a good public space, and it is a main purpose of the placemaking approach to enhance access to urban spaces to improve their quality. According to the principles of placemaking, it is a priority for an urban designer and planner to provide all social classes with access to urban centers and spaces in a variety of ways in order to increase their power of choice with respect to their needs and conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of access as a well-known capability of the placemaking approach. It measured the quality of access at Imam Ali Square through assessment and analysis of six indicators: physical access (connectivity), continuity, accessibility (depth), inclusiveness, easy access to public transportation, and spatial resolution. These indicators were analyzed through field research and descriptive-analytical tools such as SPSS, GIS, and space syntax. According to the findings, easy access to public transportation (scoring 9.6), continuity (scoring 7.02), inclusiveness (scoring 5.4), physical access (scoring 2.42), and resolution (scoring 1.93) exhibited the highest to lowest scores. The final score for the quality of access was 5.41 out of 10, based on the calculation of mean indicator values, which indicated a moderate quality of access to the square as it is close to the median and range of scoring (8-10 for very good, 6-8 for good, 4-6 for moderate, 2-4 for poor, and 1-2 for very poor). Finally, it was inferred that the main problem with the square in terms of quality of access was the lack of concern for resolution, connectivity, and accessibility. It could thus be concluded that the resolution and depth of spaces created following the demolition of old urban structures has dropped due to the decrease in the significance of the surrounding old spaces although they have turned out to be more powerful interconnectors than their surrounding areas. Despite the recent attention paid to Imam Ali Square, the quality of access in the area is still not optimal, and greater concern for the examined indicators is expected in order to turn the square into an urban place.