Ontology of reasons is a topic in the broader area of the theory of reasons and is concerned with the kind of things reasons are. Factualism is one of the main views here, which treats reasons as facts. After some preliminary points, considerations for and against Factualism are reviewed. Although an attractive view, critics ascribe some unacceptable commitments to Factualism, including the thought that explanation is non-factive and that reasons play no causal role in action. In response, it is argued that by distinguishing motivating reasons from explanatory reasons, Factualism can find some way to respond to these objections or explain them away. Then, some considerations behind this distinction are explored, showing that the distinction is interesting regardless of the current debate, and Factualism's recourse to the distinction is not an ad hoc solution. Though the distinction helps Factualism to deal with some objections, we do not claim that the distinction alone is enough to respond to all objections to Factualism. This is the task of the last and the main section. The paper is closed by some concluding remarks.

The present article aims to study historical reconstruction in Ali Ashraf Darvishian’s novel named Salhay-e Abri (Cloudy Years) as mediated by characterization. The question we raise is twofold: what totality does an examination of the life of the hero reconstruct and how does it reconstruct this totality? Historical novel is the abstract essence of the history that a society has gone through; a history that has been reconstructed through the events of ordinary people’s lives. It tries to keep alive important historical
currents, which account for the current state of society. Thus, the aim of historical novel is dealing with the everyday life of ordinary people rather than narrating history from the perspective of prominent historical figures. Characterization is one of the most important formal tools through which the author can reconstruct history. Accordingly, we have studied Salhay-e Abri to understand how characters have developed and how their personalities have been shaped. Within the framework of Lukacs’s explanation of
historical novel and his dialectical reading, characterized by constellation of realism, totality and type, we have explored characterization in the historical novel Salhay-e Abriin, considering the context of the events of the novel. It can be concluded that this novel has focused on the hardships of an authoritative modernization or the Pahlavi’s dependent capitalism as the core of narration by means of the account of the hero’s life.

neurosurgery reoperation that occurs for various reasons such as complications of primary surgery, planned reoperation, emergency or unplanned reoperation, and increase the financial burden of the hospital and the patient, poor prognosis, and increase the length of stay in hospital and intensive care unit for the patient. Neurosurgery patients are among the patients in whom reoperations need to be evaluated. Determining the factors leading to reoperations in the Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit determines the causes and improves the quality of the system to prevent preventable reoperations.

In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the information of patients undergoing reoperation including the type of disease and initial surgery, reasons for reoperation were identified. The frequency of each of the three variables was examined in pairs. All reoperations and returns to the operating room during 5 consecutive years were reviewed. Information of all patients including demographic information, underlying disease, smoking and alcohol, cause of primary and reoperation surgery, medical history, type of operation, complications of the surgery, postoperative care were examined.

In this study, it was found that age, sex, initial diagnosis, the distance between surgery and readmission, underlying disease, ICU admission, were not associated with the occurrence of neurosurgery reoperation. Variables associated with the occurrence of neurosurgery reoperation include open surgery, surgical disease including Cerebrovascular, duration of the first surgery, first emergency surgery, duration of further anesthesia in the first operation, bleeding rate and need for a packed cell, Need to receive FFP, some hospital complications

Determining the factors that cause neurosurgery re-operation, prevent such surgeries if possible and reduce costs and hospital load, and also patients suffer fewer complications and mortality

Moral dilemmas are situations in which the agents are provided by two conflicting moral judgments but it's not possible for them to act upon both judgments at the same time. Proponents of moral dilemmas say that agents in conflicting situations, have to act in a way that it is morally wrong. Agents will experience negative feelings such as guilt, regret and remorse, no matter which alternative is chosen by them. Opponents, on the other hand, argue in contrary and say that these situations don't avoid incoherence in a moral theory. They claim that although a good moral theory should be action guiding in any situation, it shouldn’t provide the agent with two conflicting moral judgments. Moral dilemmas violate the principle of being action guiding in a moral theory. Proponents often argue in virtue ethics framework and believe that virtue ethic theory is coherent and action guiding and it provides an appropriate explanation for moral dilemmas.

In her 2014 paper "Internalism About Reasons: Sad But True?", Kate Manne defends a version of Internalism about normative reasons for actions. She starts by considering the interpersonal context of reasons to emphasize how reasons are limited by psychological states of the agent. Then, she defends a necessary condition for reasons; i.e., Ideal Reasoning Thesis, which every theory of reason should satisfy. However, she claims, externalism fails to do so. On the contrary, we suggest that it is not clear whether the process of Ideal Reasoning happens in an ideal or non-ideal time. Furthermore, it seems preferable to take time to be ideal too. Clearing the ambiguity about time makes externalism able to satisfy Ideal Reasoning Thesis and, thus, the argument for internalism fails.

The cancellation of a surgery operation not only imposed too much expenditure on the healthcare system, but also waste lots of energy and time of patient and health care provider. The aim of this study was to assess reasons of surgery cancellation, and to provide a comprehensive list of cancellation reasons to implement in hospital information system for improving documentation. This study is an applied-descriptive study which was conducted in two parts. In first part, all medical records of hospitalized patients in Shafa educational hospital during 6 months period which had been assigned a cancellation code based on ICD-10, were assessed. The data were collected through a researcher-made checklist and have been analyzed using SPSS.V18 software. The second part was literature review which provided a list of surgery cancellation reasons. To retrieve the relevant papers PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. Finally the results of two parts of the study were combined and a comprehensive list of surgery cancellation reasons was developed. Of 7529 surgical operation, 1229 operations (16.4%) were cancelled. Most of the cancelled surgical operations were related to inappropriate patient’s clinical condition before surgery. Extracted cancellation reasons were categorized into 8 groups. Totally a list of 54 reasons for cancellation was developed. Precise documentation of surgery cancellation reasons in each health care institution in order to determine the reasons and plan to prevent them is essential. Designing an information system with proper information content can support the above mentioned issues.

Regarding to whatness and reality of faith, a variety of views has been suggested by Islamic philosophers and theologians and other Muslim thinkers. Views like verbal testimony, heart’s testimony, bodily action, and so on. This article has dealt most views and reasons of this subject, having descriptive and analytic approach. As well as analyzed and criticized reasons of each view with rational and religious reasons, and conscionable and lexical evidences. This survey shows that, among existing views on reality of faith, theory of faith in the sense of heart’s testimony is based on firm and solid evidences and is acceptable point of view.

Bernard Williams in his “Internal and External Reasons” argues for internalism about reasons. He holds that according to internalism of reasons, agent A has reason to Φ if and only if he has a desire ψ which will be satisfied by Φ-ing and he also believes that it is so. Williams maintains that if one does not have a preceding desire and cannot form any desires through deliberation then it will be rational to claim that he does not have reason to Φ. Clearly desires play a crucial role here because if an agent does not have such desires, then he does not have reasons for action. Williams goes beyond this claim and says only internal reasons are reasons for action. In this article, we argue against his claim. After explaining descriptive and normative senses of rationality and alternative views regarding the rationality of beliefs and desires, in virtue of the idea of blameworthiness, responsibility, and having practical reason, we show that there are a set of actions for which moral agents are blameworthy and they, therefore, have reasons at least for certain actions which are not dependent upon their desires. This idea would be supported by the facts that most people consider a person who violates hedonic, prudential, and moral norms as much as possible to be irrational, that they consider the act of counting him as rational to be counterintuitive, and finally that societies have founded institutions for restraining such a person.Our argument from blameworthiness can be formulated as follows:(1) If a moral agent performs an action X for which he can justly be blamed, then he will be responsible and he ought not to perform X (the concept of blameworthiness entails responsibility).(2) If a moral agent is responsible and he ought not to perform X, then there is a reason for him not to perform X (responsibility entails having reason).(3) There are a set of actions, S, that moral agents can be justly blamed for performing.(4) So moral agents are responsible for performing an action in S (from 1 and 3).(5) So there are reasons for moral agents not to perform an action in S (from 2 and 4).By falsifying the negation of premise (3), we show that (3) is true. To falsify that it is not the case that there are actions for which moral agents can be justly blamed, we presented an example of an extremely immoral, imprudent, and pain-seeking agent who forms abnormal desires and acts against moral, prudent, and hedonic norms as much as possible. Since there are not any desires for such norms in his psychology, and his actions are based on these desires, he is not regarded as rational by most people and social institutions such as psychiatric clinics and courts. In addition, it would be irrational to hold that he is rational in his having immoral, imprudent, and pain-seeking desires and acting accordingly because it is a rational, prevalent, conventional practice to believe so and any theory which denies its rationality should provide convincing reasons.

In recent years, utilizing polygraph technology has drawn the attention of some legal systems in the world. However, some individuals have refused to accept it by arguing that using this technology is in conflict with the defendant's right to remain silent, which violates human dignity and interferes with people's privacy. Despite the proposed disadvantages and the existing challenges in this area, polygraphs can be regarded as scientific evidence to prove the culpability or innocence of the defendant, and by amending the law, it can be considered as another legal evidence to prove a criminal case. In addition, by taking into account the system of spiritual reasons, the legal authorities operate actively in obtaining legal evidence and use whatever reason that makes them certain about a case (even if they contradict legal evidence) and bases their decision-making process on such evidence. Polygraph results can serve as supporting evidence or substantial evidence to offer a judge the necessary information to issue the right verdict, and thus, by evaluating other proofs, it can determine their precision and validity to systematize them to help the judicial authorities with making the right decision.