The opening line should be seen as a kind of repetition that is abundant in the poetry of traditional and contemporary poets. This kind of repetition, which occurs at the beginning of the verses of the poem, is seen in the poetry of traditional poets, from the same primitive poets as Manouchehri, NaserKhosrow and other poets. However, in the poetry of some poets, such as Sanai, Khaghani, and Shams Moulana's lyric poems, it is more common. In the poetry of contemporary poets, who lack the usual weight, rhyme, and row, these lines are more common. In the poetry of poets such as ForoughFarrokhzad and Ahmad Shamloo, these lines have a higher frequency than poets such as NimaYoshij, Mehdi Akhavan Sales, SohrabSepehri. There are initial lines in different forms and it can be found at the level of syllables, words, sentences and quasi-sentences in the poetry of contemporary and traditional poets. The main purpose of the opening line should be considered its musical aspect. In addition, it is sometimes repeated for other purposes in poetry, such as highlighting, emphasizing the poets in order to convey specific meanings to the audience, and creating coherence in the composition and content of the poem. Sometimes the first line is interpretive and is used as a tool to explain, further explain and clarify the poet's intent, as if the poet intends to explain and convey something to the audience that achieves this goal by repeating a word or phrase. . Other goals and objectives can be seen in these lines. This article seeks to comprehensively address the initial lines in the poetry of prominent traditional poets and modern Persian poets.

The calpionellid biozonation within Shal and Kolur Formations in Shal region, SE Khalkhal are accomplished based on standard biozonation of Allemann et al. (1977). In this study, 5 biozones are introduced from Tithonian to Hauterivian:biozone. Biozone 1 belongs to Shal Formation and biozones 2 to 5 to Kolur Formation: 1- Crassicollaria intermedia Taxon Range Zone; Late Tithonian, 2- Calpionella alpina Acme Zone; Early Berriassian, 3- Calpionellopsis simplex - Calpionellites darderi Interval Zone; Late Berriassian to Early Valanginian, 4- Calpionellites darderi - Tintinopsella longa Interval Zone; Valanginian, 5- Tintinopsella longa - Tintinopsella carpathica Interval Zone; Late Valanginian- Hauterivian. Biozone 2 is also subdivided into the Calpionella alpina and Calpionella elliptica Subzones. Biozone 3 is subdivided into the Calpionellopsis simplex and Calpionellopsis oblonga Subzones. Based on this zonation, the Jurassic /Cretaceous boundary (Tithonian/ Berriassian) is defined at the Lower boundary of the Calpionella alpina zone which is equivalent to the Shal and Kolour Formations boundary.

  Increasing agricultural production to match increasing demand of food sources is inevitable (FAO, 2006). It causes too much pressure on the agricultural resource base and threaten the sustainability of these systems. Crop mixture is an important method of high production in agriculture. This technique can affect the environmental conditions of the soil. Sustainable Agriculture, said to be the proper management of agricultural resources which in addition to changing human needs, maintaining environmental quality and capacity of soil and water resources. In order to study the effect of intercropping on the yield of maize and potatoes an experiment as 14 treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications as replacement and additive approach has been conducted in the region of Nikshahr in 2013. The experimental treatment consisted of sole corn (T1), sole potato (T2), two-row corn + one-row potato (T3), two-row corn + two-row potato (T4), one-row corn + one-row potato (T5), one-row corn + two-row potato (T6), two-row corn + two-row potato (T7), (The difference T7 and T4 is that in T4, for each product optimal plant population density is 50%, while in T7 for both products 100% high density will be used), three-row corn + one-row potato (T8), one-row corn + three-row potato (T9), three-row corn + two-row potato (T10), two-row corn + three-row potatoes (T11), two-row corn + four-row potatoes (T12), four-row corn + two-row potato (T13), two-row corn + two-row potato (T14), (The difference of this treatment with T4 and T7, is that in this treatment optimal plant density was 100% for corn and 50% favorable for potato was used). Traits for corn included plant height, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, grain yield and 1000 grains weight and for potatoes, including plant height, tuber weight and the number of tubers per plant. The results showed that, different planting systems on the number of grains per ear, number of grains per row and grain yield and plant height and size of potato tubers were significantly affected and improved the characteristics of plants have been mentioned. The highest biological yield (12.61 t.ha-1) of sole corn cropping (T1), respectively. Reduced biological function of monoculture corn compared to intercropping in this experiment can be attributed to inter-species competition of peanuts and corn. The highest grain yield (8957.3 kg.ha-1) was observed in treatment (T3). Production due to reduce competition between species, compared to the competition within the species increased. Most weight tubers of potato (73.54 g) treatment (T2), respectively. Potato tuber weight loss in the intercropping to monoculture in this experiment can due to inter-species competition potatoes and corn. The highest land equivalent ratio in one- row potato + three-row corn (T8) was obtained which shows the superiority of intercropping to monoculture. The results of variance analysis showed that:Intercropping of maize and potatoes with increasing plant density, increased the grain yield of both crops in monoculture and mixed culture which could be due to increased vegetation and it's closer to optimum density in mixed culture and better use of environmental resources.
Reduced grain weight with increased density often is the result of intensified competition intra-species over the use of existing resources. Corn in different densities is able to take advantages of photosynthetic material and grains of similar weight at different densities produce.
In monoculture of potatoes because the only governing competition is intra-species so the plant is not affected in much higher density. Reducing the height of potato plants in intercropping to monoculture in these experiments can be attributed to intr-species competition of potatoes with corns.
In monoculture because only intra-species competition is dominant so the tuber weight is not affected in higher densities. Due to fact that the monoculture system has been threated, the benefits of providing better distribution of light in the canopy, Suitable spatial distribution of shrubs and reducing competition between plants to use environmental factors to provide an appropriate manner, as a result significantly increase economic yield.
The LER in most intercropping was more than one which indicates the superiority of intercropping to monoculture.

Cultivation of medicinal plants in agricultural ecosystems plays an important role in the diversification and sustainability of these systems (Rezaei-Chiyaneh & Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, 2014). Therefore, the application of ecological principles such as multi-ship system seems essential in the production of these plants. Zarifpour et al. (2014) in intercropping arrangements of cumin and chickpea showed that different cropping patterns had a significant effect on chickpea and cumin yield and the highest essential oil and land equivalent ratio achieved by planting ratio 50% cumin 50% chickpea. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to examine the effect of different intercropping patterns of black cumin and basil with bean on their yield and qualitative traits.
In order to evaluate some quantitative and qualitative traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different intercropping patterns with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and land use efficiency, a field experiment was conductedbased on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province in Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason about 2013-2014. Cropping patterns included row intercropping (one row of black cumin one row of bean one row of basil) and strip intercropping (one row of black cumin two rows of bean one row of basil, two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil, three rows of black cumin six rows of bean three rows of basil, four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil) and their solecropping.
Black cumin was harvested when they turned brown, dried and shelled, and bean was harvested when the first pod of the plants fully matured and dried. Basil was harvested in the first and the second harvest at 50% of flowering.
Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
Land equivalent ratio of basil, black cumin and bean was calculated using equation 1 (Koocheki et al., 2014): Equation 1: Where, Y1, Y2 and Y3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in intercropping, respectively and B1, B2 and B3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in solecropping, respectively.
Results revealedthat the economic yield of three plants was significantly affected by treatments and theaverage yield was higher in solecropping than intercropping. By increasing in strip width seed yield of black cumin, dry matter yield in the first,and the second harvest of basil were decreased 30, 29, and 24 percent, respectivelycompared to monoculture. However, seed yield and biological yield of bean did not indicate any significant differences at solecropping with four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil. Higher seed yield and biological yield of sole cropped may be due to the fewer disturbances in the habitat in homogeneous environment of monocropping systems. Moreover, no significant difference between sole cropping of bean with combinations of 4 rows black cumin 8 rows bean 4 rows basil may be due to facilitative interaction in this combination. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments was higher than solecropping. Higher essential oil yield in intercropped could be due to the positive effect of bean such as nitrogen fixation for black cumin and basil. The essential oil content of black cumin and basil are, furthermore, positively affected by intercropping with bean.The maximum land equivalent ratio (1.93) was obtained in two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil that represents an increase advantages in intercropping than solecropping.
The results showed that quantitative and qualitative yield of three species was affected by planting ratio. The maximum seed and biological yield of three species were obtained at solecropping. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments were higher than solecropping. The LER index was higher than one in all intercropping treatments compared to solecropping systems. Generally,it seems that the cropping pattern “two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil“ is remarkably effective to increase the economic income and land use efficiency.

To evaluate the effect of Corn and Cowpea living mulch planting pattern on forage yield and weeds suppression after harvesting of corn, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications in Shush during 2019 growing season. Experimental treatments were included single-row corn on furrow, double-row corn on furrow, single-row corn in furrow, single-row corn on furrow+ single-row cowpea in furrow, single-row corn on furrow+ double-row cowpea in furrow, double-row corn on furrow+ single-row cowpea in furrow, double-row corn on furrow+ double-row cowpea in furrow, single-row cornin furrow+ single-row cowpea on furrow; single-row cornin furrow+ double-row cowpea on furrow. According to results, the best treatment in terms of corn forage yield and weed control after harvesting was single-row cornin furrow+ double-row cowpea on furrow pattern. The highest corn forage yield (30998 kg.ha-1), the lowest weed dry matter (26/3 g.m-2) and the highest weed smothering efficiency index (85%) gained from this planting pattern. Based on the results, application of single-row cornin furrow+ double-row cowpea on furrow planting pattern can be recommended to increase corn forage yield and weed control.

To determine the effect of planting density on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), an experiment was conducted in Ghir - Karzin, in 2011- 2012. This research was done in a factorial experiment in RCBD. Factors included 4 levels of row spacing (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) and 3 plant spacings (5, 10 and 15 cm). Results showed that by increasing the distance between rows from 20 to 50 cm height and biological yield decreased. But increasing the distance between the rows, increased the number of seeds per pod, pods per plant 1000-grain weight, number of branches, harvest index and grain yield. Increasing the distance of rows on plants from 5 to 15 cm decreased height, harvest index and grain yield, but increased the number of branches, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. The interaction of row spacing and plant row was not significant in any of the characters. Finally, it seems that to achieve a higher performance we should increase the distance between rows and decrease the distance between the plants on rows.

In order to evaluate the effects of different intercropping patterns on yield components, yield and land use efficiency at diffirent intercropping patterns of dill (Anethun graveolens L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a field experiment was arranged based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm located in West Azerbaijan province- city Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. Treatments included row intercropping (one row of fenugreek one row of dill), strip intercropping (two rows of dill one rows of fenugreek, three rows of dill one rows of fenugreek, two rows of fenugreek one rows of dill, three rows of fenugreek one rows of dill, two rows of fenugreek two of dill) and solecropping dill and fenugreek. Intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits. The highest grain yield and biological yield of fenugreek were achieved in solecropping with 940 and 3103 kg.ha-1, respectively. Results showed that the maximum grain yield and biological yield of dill obtained of three rows of dill one rows of fenugreek with 860 and 4816.67 kg.ha-1, respectively. The essential oil percentage (2.85) of all treatments was higher than solecropping (2). The highest Land equivalent ratio (1.90) was obtained in two rows of fenugreek two rows of dill. The maximum Actual yield loss (2.18) and Intercropping Advantage (1.28) were obtained in three rows of fenugreek one rows of dill that represents an increase advantages in intercropping than solecropping.

Intercropping is highly recommended to be used in many parts of the world for food or fibers productions, because of its overall high productivity. Intercropping consists of growing two or more crops together at once, even though the crops are not sown or harvested simultaneously. The success of intercropping is due to an enhanced temporal and spatial complementarity of resource capture. Many studies have reported that intercropping can increase crop yield due to efficient utilization of nutrients and light, and enhanced positive interactions between crops. Features of an intercropping system can differ with soil conditions, climate, economic situation, and preferences of the local community. In this study, we carried out a two-year field experiments to evaluate yield and yield components as well as growth indices in cotton and maize grown in an alternative intercropping systems.

The experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design at Gonabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. The cotton (Khordad cv.) and maize (D.C 370) plants were evaluated using an alternative intercropping system. The treatments consisted of one row of cotton along with one row of maize, two rows of cotton along with one row of maize, three rows of cotton along with one row of corn, and pure cotton and maize cropping. The seeds were sown 20 cm apart in the rows in May. Irrigation was performed every 10 days and monitored using a volumetric flow meter. Twenty days after emergence, sampling was carried out by harvesting three plants of each species to measure growth indices such as plant height, leaf rea index and dry weight. At the end of growing season the crops were harvested and yield and yield components were determined. The data were analyzed by using SAS 9.1 software.

The effect of intercropping was significant on maize seed and forage yield. Since plant density in intercropping treatments was less than pure culture, the maximum maize seed and forage yields were obtained from pure culture treatment. By contrast, the minimum seed and forage yields were related to one row maize along with two rows cotton treatment. Reduction in maize biological yield due to intercropping was reported by Khorami-Vafa (2006), Tuna and Orak (2007) and Patel et al., (1999). Three rows cotton along with one row maize treatment produced the maximum maize seed and forage yields. Yield increasing in this treatment may be due to more space between maize plants, providing more light and reducing intraspecific competition. No significant difference was found between intercropping treatments in terms of cotton yield. The maximum cotton yield was obtained from cotton pure cropping, whereas, the minimum yield was related to one row cotton along with one row maize treatment. Amongst intercropping treatments, the maximum cotton yield was obtained from two rows cotton along with one row maize treatment. The increase in maize and cotton biomass followed a similar trend in both years. The maximum reproductive and vegetative branches, dry matter and leaf area index were related to two rows cotton along with one row maize treatment. The maximum maize leaf area was related to three rows cotton along with one row maize treatment. In general, dry matter accumulation linearly increased 30 days after seed sowing in both maize and cotton plants and reached to its maximum 60 days after seed sowing and then started to decrease due to leaf senescence and abscission. Furthermore, in both species, leaf area index reached to its maximum 69 days after seed sowing and then started to decrease due to canopy closure, shading, leaf senescence and abscission. Mukhala et al, (1999) and Koocheki et al, (2010) have shown intercropping cause a significant increase in leaf area index.

Generally it is concluded that maize and cotton yield in intercropping treatments were higher also traits such as leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in one row maize along with three row cotton was higher than other treatments.

In order to evaluate the comparison of different intercropping patterns of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in double crop، a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatment at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - city Nagadeh، Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. Treatments included intra- row intercropping (50% cumin + 50% lentil)، row intercropping (one row of lentil + one row of cumin) and strip intercropping (two rows of lentil + one rows of cumin، three rows of lentil + one rows of cumin، four rows of lentil + four two of cumin، six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin and pure lentil and cumin. Intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits. Results showed that the highest and the lowest economic yield of lentil were achieved in monoculture with 600 and 1600 kg. ha-1and six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin with 273 and 676 kg. ha-1، respectively. Grain yield and biological yield were no significant differences at monoculture with row intercropping and intra- row intercropping. But with increasing strip widths of grain yield and biological yield decreased by 50 and 54 %، respectively. The essential oil percentage of all treatments was higher than monoculture. The highest essential oil yield was obtained of intra- row intercropping (20 kg. ha-1). Results indicated that maximum (1. 8) and minimum (0. 94) LER values were obtained of row intercropping and strip intercropping (six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin)، respectively. By changing row intercropping patterns to strip intercropping، LER was decreased due to complementary and facilitative effects in intercropping.