Women comprise half the population of our country, but only 15.5% of the employed labor force in the economy belongs to them. In spite of the absence of the majority of women in the labor market, statistics show that the unemployment rate of women is about twice as much as that of men. It is predicted that women’s tendency for participation in economic activities will increase through enhancing their academic education and cultural changes and they will increase inequality between men and women. Hence, some of the authors have spoken of “the feminization of poverty”. According to Household Budget Survey by Statistical Center of Iran, female-headed households form only 12% of the poor people of the country and the poverty rate among them is the same as the one among male-headed households. Therefore, high rate of poverty among female-headed households is not acknowledged by statistics. However, the focus of this study is to show that due to gender inequalities the probability of poverty among female-headed households is higher than that of male-headed households.
In the present study, data from the Household Budget Survey of Statistical Center of Iran in 1393 and logit and probit models have been used to find the main factors of poverty among female-headed households. In general, according to the used data set, two types of the models are estimated: (1) the models on total households (2) the models on female-headed households. With regard to the first model, gender variable is used as an explanatory variable, but in the second types of models, there isn’t such variable as an explanatory variable, because all heads of households have the same sex (they are women). The first models show the net effect of gender on poverty probability, regardless of age, education and marital status. In other words, the coefficient of the gender of the household head represents net social discriminations that according to the sign of this coefficient, these discriminations are against men or women. The second type of models estimates the probability of poverty of a female-headed household with respect to age, education, working status and marital status. It is possible that a society does not discriminate between men and women, but female-headed households cannot provide a standard living for themselves due to the low ability. The second type of models identifies the most important characteristics of female-headed households that lead into their poverty.
Findings: Results show that the following variables have a significant effect on an increase in the probability of poverty in female-headed households: residency in the Sunni provinces, the head of the household being 30 to 40 or 50 to 60 years old, the large number of teenagers (9-19 years old) in the family and the number of rooms and area available for female-headed households. The variables which also have a significant impact on the reduction in the probability of poverty among female-headed households include: the low number of family members, being a housekeeper, being employed and being paid without having to work, the large number of family members who are studying and have a job, being the owner or a tenant, holding funeral services and having a surgery over the past year.
Widows who are housewives, between 30 and 40, or 50 and 60 years old, are more subject to poverty, and this can be caused by the absence of social support (including society or government). In comparison, female-headed households who are housewives, have had more social support. The more social support the families had in the Statistical Center of Iran, the more evidence we could gather on this subject. It turns out that with regard to the large economic gaps between women and men and the higher probability of poverty among women, the same rates of poverty between men and women is due to social supports.

Since human beings are confronted with diverse needs، their not being satisfied leads to the multidimensional poverty. The economists، therefore، have recently paid attention to the necessity of multidimensional approach to poverty measurement، have specified some criteria in regard to the phenomenon and have enumerated three approaches of income (welfare)، capability and social participation. Examining the concept of poverty in Islamic jurisprudence and teachings also reveals that Islam adopts a more comprehensive approach to this issue، and that some of the poverty kinds and dimensions that have been pointed out in Islam are not found in the conventional economics at all، which is due to the difference between their principles and foundations. The author also compares the multidimensional poverty approaches in Islam and the conventional economics، and concludes that Islam doesn''t adopt the income approach and doesn''t determine a unique poverty line، but the jurisprudential criteria of poverty consider relative rather than absolute poverty، and that by emphasizing on relative poverty، Islam aims at eliminating inequality and bringing the different social classes closer to each other. Such cases as the Fourteen Innocent Ones'' providing the poor with production instruments rather than with direct financial aids and their not making people to perform non-professional and non-favorite jobs resemble the capability approach، and the introduction of the concept of «status» into the jurisprudence resembles the social participation approach in conventional economics. This makes the Islamic poverty line criteria different from the relative poverty in conventional economics. Indeed، observing one''s status and merit is a more specific criterion in order to decrease the difference between the economic standards of livening of the persons inhabitant in any class.

The topic of poverty has always been studied in the world. If we can break down poverty, we will have a better understanding of the changes in poverty .The purpose of this article is to show the status of poverty and its three dimensions in chronic and transient poverty in Iran using the raw data of the Iranian Statistical Center and drawing the three dimensional curve of poverty (TIP) using the Jenkins and Lambert (1997) method, the poverty status and its dimensions in Iran were studied and then followed by Chakravati et al .chr('39')s (2008) new analysis of the two components of chronic poverty and transient poverty and their extraction from total poverty over an 11-year period in the Iranian economy since. It was done from 2007 to 2017. Finally, the effect of three dimensions of poverty on chronic poverty and transient poverty was calculated based on Shapleychr('39')s method The results obtained from Income Poverty show that at any given time, nearly 60 percent of Iranchr('39')s population is below the poverty line. Poverty intensity is 0.54 and income inequality among the poor is 0.34 .Chronic poverty accounts for 84 percent of total poverty in Iran. Also, the share of poverty incidence and the intensity of poverty and inequality among the poor on chronic poverty are 47%, 35% and 18%, respectively. and the share of the three dimensions of poverty on transient poverty is 65%, 7%, and 28%, respectively. Chronic poverty is strongly affected by poverty incidence and the intensity of poverty and transient poverty is more affected by poverty incidence than other dimensions of poverty.

This article tries to survey and compare poverty intensity trend in Iran, using poverty intensity index estimates. Additive decomposability is one of the privileges of poverty intensity index. It would be possible to calculate the percentage of changes in the poverty intensity in the forms of the addition results of poverty rate percentage changes, average poverty gap ratio, and Gini coefficient of poverty gap ratios. The results of poverty intensity calculation in Iran indicate that urban and rural poverty intensity trends follow the same behavioral model. Moreover, poverty intensity comparison demonstrates a better welfare status in the villages during the whole period. Poverty rate factor is the most effective one in the poverty intensity trend. Yet poverty gap changes should also be taken into consideration in order to explain the poverty intensity behavior. The impact of Gini coefficient of poverty gap ratios is very little.

The first step in the fight against poverty and exclusion, is awareness of the situation of poverty. In considering this issue In the present study, Using household income and expenditure statistics studied for measuring poverty in rural and urban areas of iran during 2009-1989. To achieve this purpose, after the introduction of the definition of poverty and its and review of previous studies, Issues of poverty measurement and calculation of poverty and also it is presented the introduces of methods used in this study is presented. To obtain the absolute poverty line, food poverty line approach based on minimum basic needs are calculated and added to the minimum non-food requirements. The results indicate that: In the period under review, poverty eradication programs, poverty reduction in urban areas than in rural areas were more successful, The absolute poverty lines in urban areas has been more than in rural areas has been, Absolute Poverty rate and poverty gap in rural areas has been more than in urban areas, Indicator of absolute poverty in urban areas since 1385 and in rural areas since 1384 has been rising.

Intuition: Poverty results in many different problems which adversely affect one's quality of life. Children build future of every society. The better development of the children, the better society in the future will be. Children in poverty are more vulnerable than the adults, because they are more dependent on the supports of the parents and their environments. The main aim of this study is to identify status of the children in poverty, which can provide a guideline for the policy makers and enabled them to tackle child poverty and to optimally design targeting schemes. This study provides detailed picture of child poverty in 22 different districts of city of Tehran in 2008. To this end, Foster, Greer, Thorbecke (1984) poverty index is used. Child poverty is identified with their head of household's characteristics, including their education level, gender, age, and size of the household. Results and Some of the most important results of this study are as follows: The highest rate of child poverty locates in district 19 of Tehran and the lowest rate in district 3. Children at the households whose heads are deprived of higher education qualification with informal job, are more likely to be poor. The highest rate of child poverty occurs at the families whose heads are female, without higher education qualification and active in informal labor market. The rate of child poverty at the households whose heads have not higher education qualification is twice as those with the qualification.

The first step to fight against poverty and inequalities reduction in line with development policy، is correct understanding and awareness of poverty situation. Due to this thread، this paper studies the relative poverty in urban areas of Kerman province during 1391 - 1385 and comparewith the whole country. For this purpose، the relative poverty line and its indicators were determined and compared during the sample years. results show that the general trend of relative poverty in urban areas of Kerman province and the whole country has been upward with an exception in year 88 when compared with year 87 in Kerman. furthermore، the poverty line in urban areas of the country is higher than Kerman province during the period considered in this study. the average annual growth rate of poverty line in the urban areas of Kerman was 19 per cent when compared to 24 per cent in urban areas of the country. Although there also appears to be a downward trend in poverty in urban areas of Kerman province، the results shows that there has been an improvement in the poverty situation during the relevent period.

The most important policy challenge to reduce poverty and social inequalities in the country is the correct and real image of this phenomenon. Although relatively many studies have been conducted in the field of poverty, most of these studies have been single, diverse and unrelated, and sometimes focused in one scientific field , which makes it possible to consider poverty in its various dimensions, which is necessary for policy. The decision is facing difficulties., using the meta-analysis method, is looking for a relatively comprehensive and coherent understanding of the phenomenon of poverty and is looking for an answer to the question of what are the general factors affecting poverty and how much each of them explains the changes in poverty.poverty in Iran is scattered, isolated and mainly from an economic point of view, and we are faced with the poverty of sociological studies of poverty and the lack of interdisciplinary studies.Furthermore, poverty research often focuses on descriptive or normative claims without explaining the causes of poverty. Most of the researches have not relied on measuring the effect of variables on poverty, which seem to present a positivist and less realistic picture of the phenomenon of poverty in Iranian society