One of the newly emerged issues in global communications and cyberspace is Internet plagiarism, which due to the lack of a codified law is unfortunately increasing in the number of its perpetrators. On the other hand, we know that the nature of Internet plagiarism, which is committed within the cyberspace, is different from that which takes place in real world. Thus, the question comes up as to whether the Internet plagiarism is the same as the theft commonly known in jurisprudence. How are the conditions materialized? Is in Internet plagiarism, as in physical (property) theft, the proprietor deprived of their property? Are data and information considered to be property? Is cracking a code (a password) an evidence of violation of privacy? What is the penal punishment for Internet plagiarism? Is it ḥadd (prescribed punishment) or ta‘zīr (discretionary punishment)?In this article, we aim at answering the above questions while elucidating the nature of Internet plagiarism, and eventually, considering Internet plagiarism to be liable to ta‘zīr merely because of the non-materialization of one of the conditions for theft – i.e. physical appropriation – as well as presenting a new method in discretionary punishment of a plagiarist user.

Cyber ​​theft as a new type of theft has been developed in cyberspace in recent decades. And this indicates the non-deterrence of existing laws, one of the most important factors in the weakness of the laws related to cyber theft is the knowledge of its nature and the incorrect interpretation and explanation of the Islamic Penal Code according to Article 12 of the Computer Crimes Law. And this is while cyber theft is not much different from physical theft in terms of substance and conditions and elements of the crime. The present article uses descriptive and analytical methods of jurisprudential arguments and existing laws in the position of feasibility of enforcing the limit in cyber theft. And the answer to the question is whether the definition and conditions stated about physical theft in jurisprudence and law are applicable to computer theft? What are the reasons for those who believe that it is ta'zir? Is the condition of blasphemy and taking property in computer theft applicable? Finally, by rejecting the reasons for those who believe that it is ta'zir and presenting a reason for the full compliance of the conditions, the extent of cyber theft has been proven.

The study is to investigate the effect of fear of online theft of customer identity on the intention to buy sports products online. The statistical population consisted of all customers of online sports stores. In order to estimate the sample size, SPSS Sample Power determination software and Sample power were used. So, the sample size was estimated about 330 people. This research is descriptive and of the type of correlation studies based on structural equation modeling. To collect the data, three questionnaires related to personal information, a 12-item questionnaire on “fear of online identity theft” of Hill et al. (2015) and a 10-item online “shopping intention” questionnaire (2015) were used. The face and content validity of the research instrument was confirmed by a group of experts and its construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation model. The reliability of the questionnaires was also reported using Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0/82 and 0/85, respectively. To analyze the data, SPSS software, SPSS Sample Power and Amos samples were used. The results showed that as the fear of online identity theft increased, so did the intention to shop online. In general, it can be said that customers today not only expect appropriate and valuable services, but also demand honesty and benevolence. Therefore, with the optimal provision of such variables, it is likely that customers' intention to buy online will be positively encouraged. Based on the results, it is recommended that webmasters update their websites every six months to increase security.

One of the issues that is required to study accurately for adapting to the jurisprudential precepts, is an Had penalty of the electronic thefts; they can be applied where there are all the requisite requirements of implementing of cut off the hand. One of these conditions is to break into safe custody in a electronic theft. With studying the concept of hacking and its manner on the websites and computer systems, it is observed that - with attention to jurisprudential and legal definition of custody and that Islamic law has left distinguishing a suitable custody of any property to the custom and reasonable precedence of any society - hacking can be a case of breaking in cyberspace which is happen by breaking codes of websites and computer systems, and its evidence is the custom`s judgment and opinion, and the existing precedence of internet users and IT and communication specialists.

Surveying the sources of Islamic law clarifies that the basis of criminalization and the punishment of theft and fraud is to protect the believer's and non-believer's property against the abduction or possession without permission by others and the principle of respect is the basis of this subject. Undoubtedly, however, no reference is made to internet type of these crimes in the sources of Islamic law. Therefore, this article by means of examining the different aspects of the aforementioned internet crimes, seeks to determine that how much internet crimes are compatible with Islamic law, and how Islamic law's resources can be used in illustrating and adapting the subject in modern criminal law. The findings of this study indicate that the lack of reference to internet theft and fraud in Islamic law does not authorize non-criminalizing of these crimes in current laws. Accordingly, the lawmaker, through referring to foundations of Islamic law that has banned and determined punishment for fraudulent, deceptive, and criminal offenses for gaining wealth by illegitimate ways, has placed internet crimes under discretionary (ta'zeeri) crimes. So that it would be possible to prevent immunity from these crimes and the orders of Islam based on which these crimes are forbidden would be regarded in the law. The present article, through a descriptive-analytic method and in order to ascertain the possibility of the Islamic law being compatible with Internet theft and fraud, attempts to conduct a comparative study of Islamic law sources approved by the Imamiyah and Sunni jurisconsults with internal regulations.

Theft is one of the crucial criminal practices that threaten the public and social security of the community, and its prevalence is a clear indication of social insecurity. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the theft at its all levels and aspects by using systematic review and meta-analysis. The statistical population of this synthesizing study includes all of the research studies in the ground of theft in Iran in past two decades (1996-2016), retrieved from Magiran, Noormages, SID, Scientific Journals Database, Iranian Police Journals, Scholar Google and Irandoc using theft and sometimes relevant concepts such as robbery, bag, blackjack as keywords. For conducting this meta-analytical research, 668 relevant studies have been identified in the field of theft in the last two decades. After searching and screening phase, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the identified studies, the final synthesis was conducted for 19 studies that were analyzed using MEDCLAC15 and CMA3 software. The overall sample size of the included studies was 11,814 people in the country with 19 meta-analytical unit, which shows the prevalence of theft to be 0.3% (ranged from 1% to 4%) in the country for two decades. Besides, there was a high degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 92.51%) between the included studies. In conclusion, the real prevalence of theft in the past two decades shows that policies to manage and prevent theft as a critical social problem have been promoted by 2014 and they started to downturn since that year in Iran. That means the intervention program on theft has declined after 2014.

The universalization of the use of computer and Internet in less than half a century has introduced to the world a phenomenon called Internet (computer) crime in general and Internet theft in particular, which can be very endangering from security point of view. The present article is an attempt to study this offense from jurisprudential point of view. Also it will be compared with the theft whose punishment is mutilation of fingers. The findings of the present paper show that despite the fact that mutilation of thief’s fingers can be deterrent, it cannot be a suitable punishment forthe Internet or computer theft. However, since there are still some doubts about this kind of theft, the Islamic punishment of mutilation of fingers cannot be used for Internet or computer theft based on the rule of Dar’ ul-Hadd.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-study (including trans-theoretical, meta-analysis and meta-analysis) on research on factors affecting the prevention of theft during the years 85-96 in the metropolis of Tehran. Eighteen studies in the field of theft prevention through internet search in domestic databases and manual search in organizations and universities in Tehran, were identified and related information was analyzed. In order to collect data, a checklist was compiled based on the existing theoretical foundations and the data were collected using it. The results of meta-theory and meta-method showed that the researchers conducted in the field of research subject (except in the cases of analytical model extracted from the theoretical framework and background study, preliminary test of measuring device, operational definition, measurement of reliability and validity, mentioning limitations and obstacles of research and ethical considerations ) And also the results of the meta-analysis showed that the size index of the combined effect of r in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft in the fixed model was 0.695 and in the random model was 0.636, which according to Cohenchr('39')s criterion was considerable. But in a separate study, in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft, the effect of the category of disciplinary factors was more than the categories related to security and socio-cultural factors. The results of Egger regression test, N-error-free test, dual and tweedy correction and fitting test and funnel diagram showed no diffusion bias in the meta-analysis sample. Due to the heterogeneity in the studies, the moderators were analyzed, which indicates the modulating effect of the research sampling method in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft.

One of the conditions required to prove the ḥadd (religiously prescribed punishment) of amputation for the theft that causes ḥadd is the violation of ḥirz (the secured place). Most jurists define ḥirz as a closed or locked place so others are not allowed to enter without permission. Examining jurisprudential views shows that there is no consensus on the element of “place”, and the emphasis is put on convention to recognize the true sense of ḥirz; in other words, ḥirz happens when a thing is safeguarded against theft. Considering the increasing electronic activities and that the concept of property has gone beyond external objects, it is necessary nowadays to work on the new instances of ḥirz. The items like bank accounts, credit cards, electronic smart cards, online passwords, E-Signature Token, emails, personal information, usernames, personal applications, and digital version of essays are considered as new examples of ḥirz. Exploring early jurists’ views and their criteria for defining ḥirz, the paper insists that electronic theft constitutes the violation of ḥirz because data and digital information has financial value, so the criminal would receive ḥadd for theft if other requirements are fulfilled.