The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationships between entrepreneurship development, economic growth and unemployment by Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and to investigate the effects of shocks on these variables in Iran. For this purpose, seasonal time series data from 2006-2016 and Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and Central Bank of Iran (CBI) were used. The findings of Granger causality test show that a bilateral causality between economic growth and unemployment and a unidirectional causality from economic growth to entrepreneurship index were confirmed and there was no causality relation between entrepreneurship and unemployment in spite of correlation among them but, a third variable, GDP, is the cause of changes in both variables. According to analysis of impulse-response functions, only the shocks caused by entrepreneurship index are enduring in the model. Also, according to the result of variance decomposition, among three variables, the largest share in entrepreneurship changes is related to the entrepreneurship index itself. Therefore, it can be stated that only entrepreneurship policies can improve the component of entrepreneurship index.

Entrepreneurship، as one of the factors affecting economic growth، is also considered among the key factors by economic policymakers. However، in examining the issue of entrepreneurship، it should be noted that women’s and men’s entrepreneurship can be considered as two distinct and separate phenomena. Therefore، the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women''s entrepreneurship and economic growth، monetary and fiscal policies and how mentioned variables would affect women (female) entrepreneurs. For this purpose، the relationship between the variables of women''s entrepreneurship and other macroeconomic variables has been tested using panel data approach in the time period of 2002 to 2007. The results of this study indicated that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the entrepreneurship variable and macroeconomic policies. The results show that the expansionary fiscal policy (increased 1 percent)، about the size of 1. 5234 percent، the index of women entrepreneurship (TEA) is added. The one percent increase in the monetary variable (expansionary monetary policy) and economic growth in order to increase the size of 0. 1947 and 0. 1505 percent of women entrepreneurship.

Introduction :

In recent decades, achieving sustainable employment has become one of the main goals of economic policies. As a result, a large amount of research has been carried out in order to determine the most influential variables on the increase of employment in order to make a suitable economic policy. In this research, variables such as human capital (Kapelras et al., 2019), government spending (Doi et al., 2018), income distribution (Neos et al., 2016) and institutions (Galindo Martin et al., 2021 and Urbano et al., 2019)) have been effective factors in increasing the level of employment. However, important factors can potentially provide a significant portion of new jobs. Therefore, entrepreneurship can be another effective factor in increasing the employment rate.Over the years, entrepreneurship has been proposed not only as a policy and strategy priority for economic growth (Adertesh, 2018 and Pepra and Adekoya, 2020), but also as an engine for creating employment and poverty alleviation (Desai and Hessels, 2008, Adosi, 2016 and Folster, 2000). In other words, the existing literature has proven that entrepreneurship ensures the welfare, productivity and efficiency of the economy (Bamol, 1990) and acts as a main driving force for promoting innovation, achieving new business ideas and changing economic structures(Adretsch et al., 2002; Fritsch, 2008 and Gomes et al., 2022). Furthermore, entrepreneurial activities in an economy have been proven to contribute to resilient economic performance by introducing innovations, implementing change, promoting and improving competitiveness (Wang et al., 2005). The organizational policy of the European Union also confirms the importance of entrepreneurship as a core competency for employment, growth and personal fulfillment (EC, 2004).

In spatial econometrics, spatial effects are added to the performance of periodic or complex regression models (panels). Therefore, in spatial econometrics, sample information has a spatial component. When data has a spatial component, two issues can be raised: (1) Spatial dependence, and (2) Spatial heterogeneity. Before estimating spatial panel models, we need to perform spatial dependence tests and to check the existence of autocorrelation between disturbance terms. The existence of spatial coherence between observations and spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms indicates the need to use spatial panel models. To do this, Moran, Jerry C, and Jetis Ord J tests are used. The Moran test examines the assumption of spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms. In spatial econometric models, to model spatial reactions, it is necessary to select the numerical value of spatial directions. For this purpose, we have two sources of assumptions: (1) Position on the coordinate plane, which is expressed by latitude and longitude, so that the distance of any point in the location, or distance of any observation located at any point relative to fixed or central points or observations can be calculated. (2) The source of spatial information is neighborhood, and which expresses the relative location in the space of an observed peripheral unit, compared to other such scales.

The aim of the current research was to analyze the effect of entrepreneurship on employment in the provinces of Iran during 2013-2020 with a spatial econometric approach. First, in order to check the diagnosis of spatial dependence, the spatial dependence of the provinces was confirmed by Moran's test and based on the significance of the above test and according to the statistical coefficient of the Lagrange test, the research was evaluated in the framework of the spatial Durbin model. According to the results of the research, the entrepreneurship index has positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces (overflow), and this result is coompatible with the findings of other researches, including Zu et al. 2022), Levin and Rubinstein (2018), Ataf and Al Balushi (2015), Miriam and Sandi (2015), Amini et al. (2013), Khoda Muradpour et al. (2018) and Khorsand et al. The research questions were confirmed. In addition, the variables of price index and wage rate have negative and significant effects on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces, while the gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target provinces.

Based on the results, the suggestions of the present research in order to increase the employment are as follows:Financial support for provincial entrepreneurs through the removal of production barriers, the use of up-to-date global technologies in order to create competition with international entrepreneurs and reduce capital risk.Presenting specialized trainings in the field of entrepreneurship with the approach of better understanding of investment opportunities, familiarity with different regions and provinces in terms of relative advantages.Supporting small and medium enterprises in provincial development programs through incentives, tax exemptions, and government subsidies.Stabilizing the price level in order to create a safe environment for encouraging entrepreneurs.Adoption of policies to create small and medium industries in rural areas and small towns.Establishing provincial meetings between top entrepreneurs for consultation, transfer of experiences, and awareness of existing problems in this field.Improving various infrastructures in deprived areas to attract more entrepreneurs.

In recent decades, entrepreneurship has been raised as a panacea for the economic growth and development of countries in economic debates, and it has been recommended to pay attention to it in the economic policies of governments. The entrepreneurship component is a type of indicator influencing the economic growth of countries that economic policymakers have paid attention to in the past decade. In the past few decades, economic growth and development has been one of the most important issues of countries, because the rate of economic growth is one of the most important factors that are considered in evaluating the performance of economic policies of different countries. In other words, it can be said that countries with higher economic growth have more effective economic policies than countries with lower growth. When critical conditions occur in the economy of countries, the attention of policymakers is focused on the components and tools that can have positive effects on economic growth. The importance of entrepreneurship in the economy and its effects on the economic growth of countries is one of the essential issues. It should be noted that the adoption of monetary, financial, income and foreign exchange policies by governments and how these policies are implemented can have significant positive or negative effects on the performance of entrepreneurs and small and medium business owners; In other words, it should be said that although the effects of entrepreneurship on the economic growth of different countries have been investigated in several studies, the variable of entrepreneurship is also affected by macroeconomic policies. The business environment of each country can be analyzed through different indicators. Despite the strengths and weaknesses of each of the indicators of the business environment, it should not be neglected that these indicators are important from several dimensions. The main question that this study seeks to answer is: Will the uncertainty of monetary, financial, income and currency policies affect the amount of entrepreneurship in the economy? In this study, the fuzzy possibility regression model was used. This model obtains the most favorable regression equation by minimizing the degree of fuzziness. To achieve a good fit, an optimal model should be estimated. Considering that the membership functions used to display fuzzy numbers are triangular, fuzzy regression can be formulated in the form of a linear programming problem. Fuzzy regression models were first presented by Tanaka et al. in (1982). These models obtain the best regression equation by minimizing the degree of fuzziness. This is done by minimizing the total width of the membership functions of the fuzzy coefficients of the regression equation. According to what was said, in most of the issues related to entrepreneurship, the impact of the uncertainty of economic variables has not been examined. In this study, in order to model and examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the entrepreneurship index, the fuzzy regression model has been used. For this purpose, liquidity variables, government expenditures, exchange rate margin, and minimum wage have been considered as uncertainty in monetary, financial, foreign exchange, and income policies, respectively. The results of this study are very important in analyzing the uncertainty of economic policies due to the flexibility of fuzzy regression from different aspects. In this study, degrees of membership from 0.1 to 0.9 were used, the closer we get to the degree of membership of 0.9, it indicates the reduction of uncertainty in economic policies. Also, the right and left widths were estimated using fuzzy range values. By calculating the mentioned widths, the impact of uncertainty in economic policies was investigated. The remarkable point related to the results in this study is that the growth of entrepreneurship in the country has a special potential capacity in such a way that with the reduction of uncertainty in economic policies, the growth of entrepreneurship will increase greatly. Several studies using econometric methods, including classical regression, have investigated the factors affecting the entrepreneurship index. However, in this study, the fuzzy regression model was introduced and its ability to investigate the uncertainty of economic policies on entrepreneurship was considered. Because econometric models need complete and definite information for specification due to structural reasons, while the factors affecting entrepreneurship are fluctuating. Therefore, considering the inevitability and uncertainty of economic variables, we need a precise modeling. Fuzzy regression model has great explanatory power due to its high flexibility compared to classical regression by estimating the right and left width of the entrepreneurship index. One of the important features of this study is the estimation of the right and left width of the entrepreneurship index, through this width, it is possible to determine the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship index from uncertainty, or in other words, the fluctuation of economic variables. According to the characteristics of fuzzy regression, values of centers and fuzzy width were calculated. The results of the fuzzy width of monetary policies compared to other policies show that the entrepreneurship index increases strongly with the decrease of uncertainty. Examining the results of the values of the fuzzy centers shows that financial policies have a constant effect on entrepreneurship at all levels of membership. This issue is very worthy of consideration, since the structure of the government's financial policies and budget should be revised and efforts should be made to focus the government's investments on the sectors of the economy that can be exploited more quickly and require less capital. they do. The values of the fuzzy width of currency and income policies also show that with the increase in the degree of membership, which indicates the reduction of the uncertainty effect of the said policy, they have a significant effect on increasing entrepreneurship. In other words, economic instability and exchange rate fluctuations that practically companies and business owners cannot start entrepreneurial activities and new investments. The general conclusion of this study shows that the role of the government in entrepreneurship through policy making in the economy is very important.

Entrepreneurship is closely linked to the economic and social development of countries, and today it is one of the indicators of development in the developing world. Due to the special role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and development, many governments in developed countries are struggling to maximize the opportunities and exploit research gains that leading a number of people with entrepreneurial characteristics to entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial activities. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the share of agriculture and entrepreneurship index. For this reason, entrepreneurship Perceived Opportunity and entrepreneurship Perceived Capabilities were used to examine entrepreneurship and agricultural sector share. For this purpose, the data and data of G20 and Iran during the period of 2008-2017 and Fischer co-integration method have been used. The results of the co-integration study showed that there is a long-term relationship between the agricultural sector's contribution to economic growth and entrepreneurship Perceived Opportunity. Also, the long-term relationship between agricultural sectors contributes to economic growth and entrepreneurship capability is also confirmed. In addition, the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between two entrepreneurial indicators, entrepreneurship Perceived Opportunity and entrepreneurship Perceived Capabilities, has also been confirmed. Considering the results obtained in the research on the long-term relationship between agricultural sector's share of entrepreneurship Perceived Opportunity and entrepreneurship Perceived Capabilities and the high share of the country's employees in this section, policymakers should pay attention to the importance of agricultural sector potential in improving entrepreneurial conditions.

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important and necessary strategies in developing and developed countries. But, the truth is that one of the fundamental steps for the development of entrepreneurship is its assessment. Entrepreneurship evaluation should be done based on indexes and global standards so that not only provides a clear picture to the status of entrepreneurship at the national level, But also, provides the possibility of measuring and comparing to the other countries in the field of entrepreneurship development. More than 95percent of the world GDP formed by the Members of GEM. GEM Programs are evaluated based on three indicators: "perceptions and entrepreneurial tendencies," "entrepreneurial activities" and "entrepreneurial passion". Among the 67 countries, Iran is ranked 30th based on Toddler entrepreneurs’ index equals to 11 percent. This index has increasing trend in the past five years, and its value is much greater than the other countries in Middle East. Also the Index of Entrepreneurial Intent in Iran equals to 28/22%, and our country is in 35th place among 67 countries. The Opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship index has grown among other entrepreneurial activity index, (from 5.67% in 1390 to 6.24% in 1391). This means that mandatory Entrepreneurship has decreased. Also the understanding of entrepreneurial opportunities index has increased from 32% in 1390 to 39/2% in 1391. Finally, for fear index of failure, Iran is in 39th place among 67 countries that shows the Iranian low-risk tendency for starting a business.

The promotion of total factor productivity is one of the economic goals, and the recognition of the factors influencing it has always been emphasized by economists. Entrepreneurship can be mentioned as one of the most important factors affecting the promotion of total factor productivity. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study assesment the role of entrepreneurship on total factor productivity in three groups of countries Factor-oriented (9 countries, including Iran), efficiency- oriented (10 countries) and innovation-oriented (16 countries) using generalized moment of method (GMM) during the period of 2008-2015. The results of the study indicate that the positive and significant impact of the entrepreneurship index and each of the five main indices (nascent entrepreneurial, early-stage entrepreneurial, new business owners, established business owners and exit from business) on the total factor productivity in the studied countries. The index coefficient of nascent entrepreneurial in factor-oriented countries is greater than efficiency- oriented and innovation-oriented countries. Also, the impact of openness, information communication and technology, education, and capital intensity were examined as controlling variables in the model among these, the effect of openness on total factor productivity in factor-oriented countries is meaningless, and in the efficiency- oriented and innovation- oriented countries is positive and meaningful, the effect education of positive and meaningful, the effect of capital intensity is positive and meaningful, and the effect of information and communication technology in the factor-oriented and innovation- oriented countries is negative and meaningless and in the efficiency- oriented countries group is positive and meaningful.

Economic policy uncertainty imposes irreversible effects on economic phenomena, so it is necessary to avoid its consequences. One of these phenomena is entrepreneurship. Therefore, examining the impact of economic policy uncertainty on entrepreneurship requires careful modeling. This paper uses a fuzzy regression model with symmetric coefficients in the GAMS program environment to investigate the effect of the uncertainty of fiscal, monetary, income, and exchange rate policies on entrepreneurship in Iran for the 2008-2021 period. The results show that reducing uncertainty in monetary, exchange rate, income, and fiscal policies have the greatest impact on the rate of entrepreneurship, respectively, so that by increasing and decreasing uncertainty of these policies (membership degrees of 0.1 and 0.9, respectively), the entrepreneurship index is equal to 8.985 and 80.623, reflecting that entrepreneurship increases sharply with increasing uncertainty in economic policies. On the other hand, the results of estimating the right and left widths show that entrepreneurship has potential in Iran’s economy, and by adopting appropriate monetary and exchange rate policies, the entrepreneurship index will rise sharply and will be in the right-width position. The results of this study are also significant in prioritizing the impact of economic policies on increasing entrepreneurship, including monetary policies that are more effective than other economic policies in achieving the goals of economic planners to reduce unemployment.

This research evaluates the effect of the LEG (Legatum) indicator and GEM entrepreneurship index on the real economic growth of selected Islamic countries during the period 2006-2017 by using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model using two distinct gentle transfer functions. In the first and second models, the transfer velocity between two regimes was γ ̂LEG=7.589 and γ ̂GEM=0.1283 the threshold was also estimated to be θ ̂LEG=61.11 and θ ̂GEM=376.1. The transfer speed between the two regimes in the first model is very high, which leads to the refraction of the curve and the transfer surface. The variables of Legatume and entrepreneurial index with coefficients of 0.2658 and 0.0211 in the first model and 0.7232 and 0.2059 in the second model have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The highest impact on economic growth in both Legatume regimes has the economic participation rate variable with coefficients of 0.5018 and 0.6366, which also has a threshold effect, and the effect of the rate of economic participation on economic growth increases with the transition to a high-income regime. The most significant effect on real economic growth in the low diet and in the high entrepreneurial regime is the formation of domestic capital with coefficients of 0.9017 and 2.823, respectively. The least significant effect on economic growth is using the Internet in the low Legatume regime and human capital in the high Legatume and entrepreneurship regime. In this way, it is suggested that Islamic countries in the transition path to development pay special attention to the indicators of success and entrepreneurship simultaneously, in order to protect the impact of other economic variables, on real economic growth.

Macroeconomic conditions are important in the start-up, performance, development and sustainability of businesses. Some concepts related to economic conditions affecting entrepreneurial activities include economic recession and boom conditions, inflation level, monetary and credit policies, financial policies and government expenses, and economic instability. Changes in economic conditions may cause changes in decision-making in starting or continuing businesses. Therefore, awareness of the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and macroeconomic performance is inevitable for entrepreneurship researchers and policy makers. In this study, in order to investigate economic environment factors on the development and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities, the data of 20 developing countries during the years 2009-2019 have been used. Using panel data and the method of generalized moments in panel data, the relationship between variables was analyzed. The results of the research show that government expenditures in the education sector and the amount of credits granted to the private sector have a significant and positive effect on the entrepreneurship index. While economic growth has no significant relationship with the level of entrepreneurship. Also, the level of inflation and interest rate has a positive effect on the entrepreneurship index, so that from the point of view of entrepreneurs, the presence of liquidity and increased demand, as well as the supply of more financial resources, is preferable to reducing their costs.