The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiaos-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto(TY) causality tests for investigating short-run relation between two variables. The results of the model estimation reveal that there is a unilateral causality from the GDP per capita to per capita health expenditure.Due to the results of this paper, the main implication policy of this study is that the policymakers and economic planners should adopt the suitable policies to improve economic growth and GDP per capita. Because, the increase of GDP per capita can be enhance the consumption expenditures and especially, health expenditures per capita.

Tourism is an activity where capital, infrastructure, knowledge and access to global marketing and distribution chains are critical. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is often considered one of the most effective engines for harnessing these elements. This study applies panel causality methods to investigate the relationship between FDI and tourism in Developing Countries during 1882-2002. For this purpose, the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto (TY) causality tests used for investigating causality relationship between two variables.The model estimation reveal finds that there is unilateral causality from tourismto FDI. With respect to results of this study, the main implication policy is that the policy makers and economic planners should be adopting the suitable policies to improve tourism industry.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between poverty and corruption in the middle east countries over the years 1390-1398 using the Granger - Granger causality test, grenger and Yamamoto in the panel data.

The population studied in this study includes the countries of the middle east. Data panel data on these countries has been collected from reliable international sources, including the world bank, which was tested using Eviews software. the variables used in this study include comparative poverty, corruption, gross domestic production variables, labor force, inflation rate, unemployment rate and wage growth rate.

The results of the study show that the relationship between poverty and corruption in the middle east countries is a one-way causality relationship from poverty to corruption in the middle east countries, meaning that by increasing poverty, corruption increases. This unilateral causality relationship is confirmed unilateral in both causality approaches.Originality/Value: The results showed that by providing proper training, the government could prevent a lot of crruptions and also increase public awareness by creating educational bases at the level of countries and easy access to it for the general public. Then, the government considering the problems of all classes of people, motivates them as much as possible to go less towards corruption. Also, by providing gratuitous assistance to the weak classes of the society prevent these problems as much as possible.

This paper investigates the effect of energy consumption on the production of industries having more than 9 employees in Iran. Hsiao’s Granger Causality and Granger Causality in Panel Data is used along with the data during 1995-2007 to study the issue. The findings represent that the energy consumption has a positive effect on the production of industries in Iran. Moreover, the results indicate that there is unilateral causality relationship between energy consumption and the value of industrial productions. Hence, the main implication policy of this study is that the policy makers should adopt the policies to improve the value of production in these sectors.

The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of Research and Development Intensity as behavioral variable and market share as structural variables on the Iranian Textiles Industries. For this purpose, data on industrial workshops with 10 employees or more and the Hsiao’s Granger Causality and Granger Causality in panel data is used along with the data during the period of 1995-2009 to study this issue. Moreover, the empirical model of this study has been estimated by the Panel Data approach.The empirical results indicate that the Research and Development Intensity has positive and significant effects on the market share of Iranian Textiles Industries.Hence, in order to change the market structure of monopolistic to competition in the textile industry in Iran, has been the need to support research activities in these industries.

This study aims at exploring the relationship between energy consumption/efficiency and production growth in manufacturing agencies producing transportation vehicles in 1995-2009 using Granjer, Hsiao’s Granger, Toda-Yamamoto causality and DPD approach. The results of the model show that in these companies there is a one-tailed causal correlation between production value and energy consumption/efficiency and the given correlation is verified in both of the causal approaches. Similarly, the estimation of the model using DPD approach shows that there is a significant positive correlation between energy consumption and the value of the product in big factories producing transportation vehicles. The results also show that compared with an increase in the employment rate or energy consumption/efficiency, an increase in investment in these factories has a more significant effect on the value of the products in these agencies. This indicates that changes in production technology from labor or energy intensive to investment can lead to an increase in the value of products in agencies producing transportation vehicles in Iran.

The main purpose of the research examines the relationship between income inequality and economic freedom for 90 different countries of the OECD and NONOECD between 1995 and 2015. The results of Granger and Toda-Yamamato causality tests suggest the existence of a two-way relationship between these two variables and the Hasheo causality suggesting a one-way connection from the side of income inequality to economic freedom for member states and the causal relation from economic freedom to inequality for non-member countries.The results of GMM tests also showed that in the first relationship, economic freedom has a negative and significant effect on income inequality in OECD countries, but this effect is positive in NONOECD countries. On the other hand, the effect of democracy on income inequality is significant and positive in all three groups (OECD, NONOECD, and all countries). Finally, economic growth also has a negative and significant effect on income inequality in OECD countries and has a positive effect on NONOECD countries.. In OECD countries, the effect of democracy on economic freedom is positive and significant, but in the NONOECD countries, and according to the first difference method, the relationship etween these two factors is negative and significant

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between consumption of energy carriers and economic growth in all provinces of Iran over the period 2011-2018 using Hsiao’s Granger, and Toda and Yamamoto causality approach in panel data. In this regard, variables including gross domestic product, labor force, investment, unemployment rate and consumption of energy carriers (Oil, Gas, Petrol and Gasoline) have been used in the regression model. According to the estimation results, there is a unidirectional causality running from consumption of energy carriers to economic growth, so with an increase in consumption of energy carriers, economic growth increases. This one-way causality is confirmed in both approach. Therefore, according to the results of the research, the policy recommendation is that the government create jobs in the society by giving part of the development credits to the banks in case of the consumption of energy carriers, and cause the labor force employment in the society. The practical benefit of granting such an option is that the more people involved in the production of goods and services, the greater the economic growth.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been studied by many researchers. These studies have been confirmed one of the four hypotheses in this field (growth assumptions, , neutral or have) according to the studied time period and country. This study investigates the causal relationship between oil consumption and GDP in Iran during 1967 to 2013. To achieve this aim, Markov switching model -Autoregressive (MS-AR) and Granger causality test were applied. The findings showed that the relationship between GDP and oil consumption had two regime structure in Iran. Results of the MS models showed that causality relationship between GDP and oil consumption (OC) was changed during economic regimes. Moreover, the evidences of bidirectional Granger causality (GC) were found between the variables in the first regime, while there was no GC between the variables in the second regime.

Interest as investment opportunity cost or cost of required credits in production process plays an important role in cost of goods manufactured. So it is expected that inflation rate might be affected by changes in interest rate. The present paper studies causality relation between changes in interest rate and inflation rate in countries of Mena. Quarterly data concerning interest and inflation rates were analyzed in 16 member countries in Mena in the period 1997-2008. Augmented Dicki-Foler and Philips structural failure tests were used to assess the reliability of time series data. To determine causality relation between two variables of interest and inflation, Granger and Hsiao's causality tests were utilized. The results obtained from Hsiao's and Granger causality tests indicate that the research hypothesis is supported only for Qatar and Djibouti. In other words, in both countries there is a causality relation from changes in interest rate to changes in inflation rate but there isnt such relation in other countries. Considering the results of research, it can be said that policy of reduced interest rate cant lead us toward the intended goal of controlling inflation rate.