The amount of available micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) is a primary concern in treated soils with sewage sludge. This study was performed to evaluate Zn availability (DTPA-TEA، Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3) and its fractionation in soils before and after treated with sewage sludge (1% w/w) and after wheat plantation in greenhouse conditions. The results of this study showed that mean of Zn extracted by using chemical extractants after sewage sludge application increased significant (P0. 05). The results of fractionation showed that residual Zn، exchangeable Zn، Zn associated with organic matter، Zn associated with iron-manganese oxides، and Zn associated with carbonates increased 11، 26، 94، 172، and 279% respectively. The results of mean comparison showed that different between mean of Zn fractions (except Zn associated with iron-manganese oxides) before and after planting was significant (P)

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) index can be used as efficient methods to interpret the results of plant analysis and the nutritional diagnosis in crops and fruit trees. To establish DRIS norms in seedless grape (Sultana, cv) and compare them with DOP index, leaf samples were collected from 129 vineyards and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations. The sugar content (brix) of the grape juice was measured as a criterion of yield. On the basis of sugar content, the vineyards were divided into two groups of low and high yielding populations. Standard DRIS norms were established for the different nutrient ratios. DRIS indices were calculated to evaluate nutrients balances and order of nutrients requirements. Sufficiency ranges of macro and micro nutrients were derived by DRIS technique. Means of nutrients concentrations in the high yielding population (high sugar content) were used as reference values for calculating DOP indices. DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges were 2.0-2.8, 0.20-0.27, 1.2-1.7, 1.5-2.1% for,respectively, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, and 55-138, 40-127, 30-100, 10-20, 30-187 mg/kg for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B, respectively. DRIS indices showed that, among the macro and micro nutrients in all low yielding vineyards, magnesium and zinc had the most negative index values, respectively. The nutritional balance index (NBI) of DRIS and of DOP (SDOP) were much more than zero in all low-yielding vineyards, indicating that there was imbalance between the absorbed nutrients by grape vines. Comparison of the DRIS indices for the macro and micro nutrients with the DOP indices revealed that Mg and Zn were the most deficient elements in all low-yielding vineyards showing that both methods provide similar information in the interpretation of the results of leaf analysis. To validate DRIS norms and verify the efficiency of DRIS and DOP as methods for improving the interpretation of analysis results of grape leaf, fertilizer experiments should be conducted on seedless grape in a low-yielding vineyard.

Awareness of the nutritional status of trees will help balanced fertilization. The average yield per hectare of lime orchards in the country, compared to the global average, is low, partly as a result of nutritional imbalance.DRIS method can be used to know nutrient status of orchards.In this method, an index is used that indicates the nutritional status and nutrient deficiency or excess, and allows prioritizing nutrients need for plants. In this study, lime orchards in three important areas of the province, namely, the Hashtbandi, central Minab, and Roudan were selected. Samples of the leaves were analyzed and yield measurements were done in 60 orchards.According to the DRIS indexes obtained in this study, nutritional status of the lemon orchards in the main production areas of the province were evaluated. The average of DRIS index for macroelements i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was -6.07, 0.81 and -2.68, respectively. Thus, the priority of the macronutrients needs was N> K> P in lime orchards of the province.The average of DRIS index for microelements including manganse, iron, boron, zinc, copper, and chloride was -8.79, -6.10, 2.6, 4.89, 7.66 and 8.21, respectively, thefore, nutritional priorities for micronutrients was Fe> Mn> Zn> Cl> B> Cu. The overall priority of nutrients deficiencies was obtained as Mn> Fe> N> K > P B> Zn> Cu> Cl. According to the results, appropriate decisions can be made in order to balance fertilization. In these orchards, it is recommended that consumption of micronutrients such as manganese and iron, and macroelements like nitrogen and potassium be at a higher priority.

This study was conducted to determine some mineral content concentration in soil and plant of three elevation classes (1500, 2200 and 3000m) and two phenological stages of flowering and seedling start in north-facing slopes of Sabalan rangelands. Soil samples from the depth of 20cm and plant samples using 1×1m plots with 10 replications were collected. After sample preparation, the concentrations of minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, ion, copper, zinc and magnesium were determined using spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Data was analyzed by SAS9.1 software using Completely Randomized Design with a Generalized Linear Model procedure. Results showed that elevation had a significant effect on Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn of soil and P, Na, K, Mg and Mn of plants in the study areas (P≤0.05). Growing stages had a significant effect on all elements of plants except Ca (P≤0.05). Moreover, results showed that in three elevation classes the high demand minerals’ concentration was higher at the starting seedling stage in comparison with the flowering stage. In contrast, the low demand minerals’ concentration in three elevation sites was higher in the flowering stage in comparison with seedling stage. Interaction effect of elevation and growing stage was also significant in relation to all elements except Ca (P≤0.05).

Use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost in agricultural soils with low organic matter content is almost considered as a one way for adding nutrients in these soils. However, application of these fertilizers may affect micronutrient release characteristics. Micronutrient release Kinetics in soils especially in amended soils give information about potential of amended soils to release these elements into solution. Although it is important to study kinetics of micronutrient release from soils to identify soil micronutrients buffering capacity, little attention has been paid to micronutrients desorption rate studies especially in amended soils. The rate of release micronutrients from soil solid phase by considering micronutrients as adsorbed ions or in mineral forms is an important parameter in nutrition of plants by microelements and a dynamic factor that regulates its continuous supply to growing plants; nonetheless, little attention has been paid to micronutrients kinetics inrelease studies.
Material and In this study, kinetics of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were compared in one calcareous soil amended with 0, 0.5, and 1% (w/w) of manure and vermicompost in a completely randomized design and then amended and un-amended soils were incubated at field capacity, for 30 days. After incubation period, amended and un-amended soils were air-dried and were prepared to kinetics study. Kinetics of Zn and Cu release were studied by successive extraction with DTPA-TEA solution. Two grams of the amended and un-amended soils, in triplicate, suspended in 20 ml DTPA-TEA solution were equilibrated at 25±10C for 1, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 336 and 504 h by shaking for 15 min. before incubation and 15 min. before the suspensions were centrifuged. Seven drops of toluene were added to each 1000 ml of extractant to inhibit microbial activity. Zinc and copper desorption with time was fitted by using different equations (Zero-order, First-order, Parabolic diffusion, Simplified Elovich, and Power function).
Results showed that released Zn in soils amended with manure and vermicompost compared to control soil significantly increased (p0.05) and released Cu in soil amended with vermicompost decreased significantly (p Our results revealed that the rate of released Zn and Cu in soils amended with vermicompost was lower than the soils amended with manure. In the other words the difference between rates of release constants indicated that Zn and Cu supplying power of the amended soils with manure was higher than amended soils with vermicompost.

In order to investigate the effect of seed zinc internal content and foliar application of zinc sulfate on yield and quality of grain bread wheat Kohdasht cultivar the present research as potted was conducted in Maragheh University in 2014. The experiment as factorial was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was seed zinc internal content including low zinc seeds (199 Nano gram per seed) and high zinc seeds (595 Nano gram zinc per seed) and the second factor foliar application of zinc sulfate including non foliar application (control) and foliar application at a concentration of two grams per liter at stem elongation and at the beginning of the grain filling stages. The results showed that high seed zinc content had significant effect at five percent level on the percentage of emergence, grain yield and harvest index, but no significant effect on biomass production, one-thousand grain weight, number of grain per spike, number of spikelet’s fertile per spike and concentration of micronutrient in grains. Also, foliar application of zinc sulfate was signification on grain yield, biomass, number of grain per spike, number of spikelet’s fertile and plant height that caused increasing to 58.3, 46, 78.6, 26.1 and five percent of all the mentioned traits, respectively, compared to control (non irrigation) and as well increased 18.5 and 33.2 percent to concentrations of zinc and manganese in wheat but had no significant effect on iron and copper concentrations. The foliar application of zinc sulfate caused 24/7 percent reduction on phytic acid in grain, but no statistically significant difference to non-foliar application.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on concentration of some mineral nutrients in seedlings of Bakraee and sour orange. The experiment involved a factorial combination of two species Bakraee (natural hybrid of citrus) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and three culture media (non-sterile soil without fungi, sterile soil without fungi, and sterile soil with mycorrhizal fungi) in a completely randomized design. Seeds of Bakraee and sour orange were sown in pots containing different culture media. The studied attributes were concentration of phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in shoots. There was significant difference (P

The objectives of this field study were to evaluate the interactions between Zn nutrition and the salinity of irrigation water and their effects on wheat growth. The treatments, four zin sulphate application rates (0, 20, 40 and 80kg ha-1) and three irrigation water qualities (1.88, 7.22, 14.16dS/m), were arranged in a compelet randomized block, split plot design with three repelications. The results showed that wheat grain yield at irrigation water salinities of 1.88 and 16.14dS/m responded similarly to zinc application rates and followed the quadratic non-linear regression model. The maximum grain yield for plants irrigated with both irrigatin water salinity of 1.88 and 16.14dS/m were found at zinc sulphate application rate of 25kgha-1. In addition, wheat grain yield response to salinity stress at zinc sulphate rates of 0, 20 and 40kgha-1 was similar and followed linear regression model. As with increasing Zn application rate the decline per unit slope decreased, it can be concluded that zinc increases the salinity tolerance of wheat. Interestingly, wheat grain yield response to salinity stress at highest Zn application rate of 80kgha-1 followed the quadratic regression model. This observasion, also, proves that wheat response to salinity stress depends on soil fertility level. The results of this experiment showed that wheat response to salinity stress depends on soil fertility level (Zn application rate). In additions, the results showed that with increasing irrigation water salinity from 1.88 to 16.14dS/m the grain yield decreased from 6.5 to 3.5 tonnes/ha but ZnSO4 requirement was not changed.

Suckling calves are exposed to different stressors such as birth, pathological factors and environmental factor stress which cause increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. Trace minerals are a part of some antioxidative enzymes which are necessary for health maintenance. Trace mineral amount of colostrum and milk is not optimal and usage of trace mineral supplements are necessary for suckling calves. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluation of adding a mixed supplement of trace minerals including copper, iron, zinc and manganese on growth performance, biochemical, enzymatic, antioxidant, hormonal and hematological parameters.

A total of 20 day-old male and female suckling Holstein calves were randomly divided in to two equal groups (ten calves per group) based on initial body weight (40±5 Kg) and until weaning (day 63) they were kept in individual pens. the control group calves were fed with milk and starter diet including whey protein as trace mineral career and treatment group were fed with milk including 15 part per million (ppm) iron sulfate (FeSo4), 6 ppm zinc sulfate (ZnSo4), 6 ppm manganese sulfate (MnSo4) and 1.5 ppm copper sulfate (CuSo4) supplements and basal starter diet including 100 ppm FeSo4, 40 ppm ZnSo4, 40 ppm MnSo4 and 10 ppm Cuso4 supplement until weaning on day 63. During entire experimental period calves accessed starter diet and water ad libitum. Feed intake was calculated daily and calves were weighed weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 to determine plasma trace mineral levels and biochemical, enzymatic, hormonal, antioxidant and hematological parameters.

The results indicated that growth performance, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and thyroxine (T4) concentration were not affected by trace mineral supplement. Although, plasma zinc concentration and high density lipoprotein concentration were recorded higher in animals received supplemented trace minerals (P<0/05), low density lipoproteins concentration was lower in the calves fed with trace mineral supplement (P<0/05). In addition to the parameters listed above, alkaline phosphatase concentration, red blood cells count, hemoglobin and hematocrit and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were significantly increased in the calves received trace minerals supplement (P<0/05).

Totally, supplemental trace minerals could not improve growth performance and enzymatic antioxidant activity of suckling Holstein calves; however, some biochemical, hormonal and enzymatic parameters related to inflammation, ossification, and cellular basal metabolism were improved in suckling calves.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of trace elements on growth, oils content, fatty acid profiles, and biodiesel properties of Dunaliella salina.

Algae cells were grown in Guillard medium (f/2) with a salinity of 117 g/L and with 19 nutrient treatments containing different concentrations of trace elements (25, 50 and 75% of the initial concentration of Guillard medium), with 3 repetitions. At the end of the experiment, dry weight and some selected growth parameters, lipids content, fatty acids, and biodiesel fuel properties were determined.

Dry weight of algae was significantly influenced by addition levels of trace elements. The maximum algal biomass and fat content were observed in CuSO4 with 75% of standard concentration (1425.1 mg/L and 374 mg/biomass, respectively) and was significantly higher than the control treatment (P < 0.05). Majority of the fatty acid methyl esters were between C14-18 and C22:1n9., The highest cetane number (82.7) and the lowest iodine value (123.5) were found in CoCl2 with 25% of the standard concentration treatment (P < 0.05). Among all treatments, the highest degree of unsaturation was observed in the 25% manganese treatment (P<0.05). The highest and lowest amount of CFPP was observed in cobalt 75% (4.50°C) and cobalt 25% (-2.86°C) treatments, respectively; being significantly higher than the control treatment (P<0.05).

High-quality biodiesel that was obtained from D. salina grown in CoCl2 with 25% of the standard concentration (higher cetane number and lower long-chain unsaturated fatty acids) showed the great potential for biodiesel production due to higher lipids content (197.92 mg/total biomass) than the control treatment (193.44 mg/total biomass) from lower mass quantity. The exposure of D. salina to trace elements deficiency revealed the ability of this algae to grow the same rate as control (in case of zinc, manganese, cobalt, and molybdate treatments 75%) or even higher growth (75% copper; 1425.1 mg/d.w.). The use of modified Guillard medium (f/2) could be beneficial during the cultivation period of D. salina to prevent biomass loss to some degree (e.g.  nitrogen and phosphorus shock), resulting in higher lipids production.