Lecithin as a source of phospholipid are considered to increase the growth efficiency, reproduction and evolution of fish and crustaceans. Due to Insufficient synthesis of phospholipids in the aquatic this research was performed to investigate the effect of enrichment of Artemia franciscana nauplii and adults with soybean lecithin on proximate and lipid class composition. In the first stage, 200,000 nauplii / liter of water was enriched with soyabeen lecithin (74.42% phospholipid) for 24 hours. Enrichment emulsion (with a ratio of 10:1 ml: g of water and powdered lecithin) was added to enrichment containers at 3 ml for 2 times zero (beginning of enrichment) and 12 hours. To enrich adult Artemia (14 days and length 8.50 mm) with a density of 3000 Artemia per liter similar the first step the enrichment emulsion at 3 ml was used at 0 and 3 hours. After 6 hours, the enriched Artemia was washed by sieve and harvested. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of dry matter and crude protein between lecithin-enriched Artemia nauplii and adults and unenriched Artemia (P> 0.05). Enrichment with lecithin in both steps of nauplii and adults, causes a significant increase in the amount of crude lipid (in nauplii from 17.62 to 21.39 and in biomass from 16.05 to 19.69 %). In terms of lipid classes, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol was significantly higher in lecithin-enrichednauplii than unenriched nauplii (P< 0.05). In enriched Artemia adult, levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine were significantly different than control groups. Also enrichment of Artemia nauplii and adults with soybean lecithin significantly increased total polar lipids (12.96% and 43.72%) and triglycerides (53.35% and 79.9%). In conclusion, it can be stated that using 0.6 g L-1 soybean lecithin increases phospholipid groups as well as total fat in Artemia nauplii and adults.

A 14-days period experiment of larval first feeding was conducted to investigate the effects of Daphnia magna enriched with cod liver and canola oils on growth and survival of the Caspian kutum larvae. The feeding trial of the Kutum (Rutilus kutum) larvae with initial weight of 52.6±2.11 mg at density of 10 No L-1 based on completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment as follows: 1) non-enriched Daphnia, 2) enriched Daphnia with cod liver oil and 3), and enriched Daphnia with canola oil. Results showed that body weight and specific growth rate of larvae fed with enriched Daphnia were significantly higher than larvae fed with non-enriched Daphnia (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the survival rate between the treatments (p>0.05). Maximum and minimum levels of SGR were observed in the larvae fed with Daphnia magna enriched with canola oil (8.50±0.01) and non-enriched Daphnia (7.50±1.12), respectively. The present study indicates that canola oil can be replaced with fish oil for enrichment of Daphnia for feeding the Caspian kutum larvae.

In order to evaluate the effect of substrate and enrichment material on biological efficiency (BE) and other physical and chemical propertiese of medicinal mushroom shiitake (Lentinula edodes) an investigation was perfomed as factorial experiment in completely randomized designe with four replications in Khorramabad city of lorestan continent Iran. Experimental factors were substrate in three levels, 1- chikpea straw 2- sawdust 3- wheat straw, and enrichment material in four levels, 1- sugarcane bagasse 2- sugarbeet molasses 3- rice brane and 4- control (without enrichment). Result indicated that BE of mushroom for substrate was 72% and 48% higher than chickpea and wheat straw respectively. Rice bran enrichment had the significant effects on BE and was increased BE by 56% incomparision to control treatment. Enrichment treatment of sugarcane bagasse and sugarbeet molasses had not significant effect on mushroom BE. Among the substrates sawdust with 57.7% had the highest carbohydrate levels in shiitake mushroom. The highest level of carbohydrate (63.3%) was belongedto rice bran enrichment that had significant differences whit control and two others enrichments. Substrate had not significant effect on mushroom lipid. The highest level of mushroom lipid (3.3%) was attributed to rice bran enrichment. Rice bran enrichment was increased mushroom lipid by 65, 57 and 50% incomparision to control, sugarbeet molasses and sugarcane bagasse respectively.

Mafic rocks in NE of Hashtjin area are composed of basalts, spillite, olivine basalts, andesitic basalts, andesites, dacites, pyroclastic rocks and numerous doleritic dikes cutting all these rock units. In this area, basalts have calc-alkaline and within plate affinity. These basalts have high content of LIL, LREE and HFS elements. Titano-magnetite grains in mafic rocks are divided into Ti-rich varieties and less Ti-rich types (rich in Fe+3). Plagioclases show normal zoning and their phenocrysts have high An content compared to the plagioclase microlites. Salite composition and the high content of Al, Fe and Ti are the main characteristics of Pyroxenes. The enrichment of mafic rocks in incompatible elements, calc-alkaline and within plate nature as well as high Al content of basalts, enrichment of pyroxenes in Al, Ti and Fe, could be all an indication to suppose the implication of a continental arc for the genesis of these rocks.

Adequate dietary intake of Selenium (Se) with regard to crucial role in the body functions and prevention of risk of cancers is more important. According to growth of world populations and soil erode inadequate daily intake of Se is an noticeable man concerns. Selenium enriched yeast (Se-yeast) as a good food supplements of Se with high organic and bio-available form of Se which imitate the dietary form of it (selenomethionine) has been mentioned nowadays. This paper has been reviewed the beneficial health effects of Se-yeast in food enrichment in order to compensate inadequate dietary intake of Se, production process and its effective variables, Se-yeast specification, bioavailability, stability and safety.
Material and This review article has been prepared with electronic searching keywords of Se, Se-yeast, production process, food enrichment, bioavailability, stability, safety, also cellular, animal, human as well as biotechnological studies between 97 full text of English ISI articles from 1983 till 2014. The Selection of articles were conducted according to the relevance with the aim of this paper. Moreover., the methodology and findings of all eligible articles were used.
According to the applicable potential of Se-yeast in food fortification, it could be act as a precursor in synthesis of selenoproteins and anti-cancer antigens in body. Hense, Se-yeast has been authorized as an additive for enrichment of different food categories to improve Se content of foods by FAD. Therefore, According to GRAS approval intake of 100µg/d Se-yeast is completely safe. Generally, due to lack of Se in different parts of Iran, Se-yeast could be used in food-chain fortification to compensate lack of dietary intake of Se.

The chromitite ores of Sabzevar ophiolitic zone could be divided into two groups of high Cr and high Al. The concentration of Cr2O3, As, S and some heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Ag, Co, Zn) is higher in high Cr samples; while high Al chromitites show higher concentration of Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2 and other trace elements. The high Cr chromitites have higher PGE than Al-rich samples and PGE concentration increases with Cr2O3. The high Cr chromitites have fractionated PGE chondrite- normalized patterns with negative slope (Pd/Ir = 0.25) and high IPGE/PPGE (average 6.22); while high Al chromitites show unfractionated and relatively flat patterns (Pd/Ir = 1.9, IPGE/PPGE = 2.88). The PGE composition of high Cr chromitites indicates they are formed by high degrees of partial melting (boninitic melt) in arc setting. In contrast, Al- enriched samples have been produced by low degrees of partial melting (toleiitic melt) beneath spreading centers (i.e., mid-ocean ridges or back-arc basins). The results of PGE composition of Sabzevar chromitites are coincident with chemical composition data of chromite crystals in these samples.

Due to the inefficiency of some chemical fertilizers of trace elements, the high cost of import organic fertilizers containing these elements and also the lack of proper uptake of phosphorus in soils in arid and semi-arid regions, and the desire to produce better quality products, the use of organic matter enriched with nutrients such as phosphorus and iron seems essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of different levels of iron refuse and phosphate soil as an enrichment and investigating the interaction effects of enrichment on the growth components of tomato plants.

To study the effect of compost enriched with iron refuse and phosphate soil on tomato plant, pot experimen was conducted with experimental treatments including compost enriched with iron refuse at three levels of 0, 5 and 20%, compost enriched with phosphate soil at three levels 0, 5% and 10%. To prepare the potting soil before applying the treatments, 10% by weight of sand was added to the soil. Iron refuse were prepared from the factory of National Iranian Steel Industrial Group and phosphate soil from Esfordi phosphate company and after air drying, the percentage of iron and total phosphorus were measured using standard methods (wet digestion). Compost prepared from green space wastes was also digest to investigate some chemical properties. Obtained data were performed analysed in factoriall in completely randomized design with three replications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's multiple range test. Charts were drawn using Excel software.

The results showed the highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus enrichment at the rate of 57.9 cm. Comparisons of the mean effect of iron enrichment on total chlorophyll in tomato leaves showed that in general, with increasing the percentage of iron, total chlorophyll increased by 17.6 and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In other words, enrichment of compost with iron refuse increases the plant chlorophyll content by 39%, which is 34% for phosphorus enrichment. The maximum chlorophyll content of the plant was observed in the treatment of 20% iron enrichment with 10% phosphorus, which was not significantly different from the 20% iron enrichment treatment and 5% phosphorus enrichment treatment. Therefore, simultaneous enrichment of compost with iron and phosphorus can increase the quality of crops, especially leafy vegetables. According to the results, increasing the level of iron enrichment from zero to 20% caused 42.4% increase in plant dry weight, which is reported to be 24.9% for phosphorus enrichment. In general, as expected, with increasing the percentage of phosphorus in compost, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot of tomato plant increased. Iron concentration in the plant increases by 10.9% with increasing phosphorus enrichment level from zero to 5%; In contrast, the use of phosphate soil at the level of 5% caused a decrease in zinc and copper concentrations of the plant by 21.5% and 15.2%, respectively. In many cases, the phosphorus and iron have reducing effects on each other due to the deposition of soluble iron in the form of insoluble phosphate compounds. According to the results of the present study, when an organic medium such as compost is used to add these two elements to the soil, the effect of organic matter on the formation of soluble chelates can increase the amount of avalable iron. Organic matter also has an undeniable effect on preventing the stabilization of phosphorus, which causes its release due to the direct decomposition of organic matter or the production of organic acids. Cupper was found to be more sensitive to increasing the amount of phosphorus in soil.

The use of enriching compounds by improving plant nutritional conditions can lead to improve effects of organic amendments such as compost. The use of phosphate-enriched compost and iron refuse, increased the yield of tomato plants. According to the results, high levels of enrichment to some extent limit the uptake of zinc and copper, which is related to the interaction of elements with each other and changes in concentration ratios. Due to the lack of micronutrients in most crops and horticulture and the competition of elements in the soil, in many cases there is a decline in product quality, so it is suggested that following the present study, some studies to be conducted to investigate the simultaneous enrichment of other micronutrients such as zinc and copper and balance dose of enrichment so that maximum absorption is achieved simultaneously for all target elements. The use of waste from different sources to balance the enrichment of organic materials, in addition to reducing costs, will lead to the recycling of large volumes of waste.

Khoy ophiolitic complex in northwest of Iran have several chromitite bodies with various textures, different geochemical features and associated minerals. Based on Cr#, Khoy chromitites are divided into two groups: high-Cr (Cr# > 0.6) and high-Al (Cr#

Work-family interface that covers family and work reciprocal relations includes both aspects of negative and positive interactions of people’s work and family lives. This article deals with the analysis of the antecedents and consequences of positive aspects among faculty members. Specifically, the study investigated the effect of flexible working arrangements on work and family enrichment with the moderating role of gender and self-efficacy. In addition, the relationship between work-family enrichment and job involvement, organizational identification, and family satisfaction was tested. The survey questionnaires were distributed to the faculty members of four premium universities in Tehran, and the structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that flexible working arrangements have a significant positive effect on family to work enrichment (FWE) and work to family enrichment (WFE). Moreover, WFE was found to have a significant positive effect on job involvement, organizational identification, and family satisfaction. On the other hand, the effects of FWE on job involvement and family satisfaction were confirmed; however, FWE did not have any significant effect on organizational identification. The moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between flexible working arrangement and FWE was confirmed, while the moderating role of gender in the relationship between flexible working arrangement and work-family enrichment (in both directions) was rejected. As a major conclusion, it can be said that in the academic community of Iran, flexible working arrangements can still be used to enrich work and family life and perhaps achieve a higher level of work-family balance.