two methods of formalist or Aristotelian and the realistic interpretation stem from different law theories. In the former method of interpretation, the interpreter, with the character  of a mathematician, interprets in a mathematical way and draws conclusions from the previous rules.  In fact, in this method, the former rules are the sacred permissible image, and the application of the minor to the logical cobra brings the result to the mind of the judge. In fact The result is not obvious from the beginning.  Whereas in the latter interpretation, the interpreter knows the result from beginning by legal intuition or any other approach, and then, for his result, he or she uses  the old rules.  So in the first method, moving is from the rule to the result and in the second method, moving is from result to the rule.  Applying these two methods in relation with prosecution abandonment in criminal procedure will undoubtedly lead to two different results.  The first method, with a serious concentration on Article 79 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, considers the issuance of this warrant  to be one of the exclusive duties of the prosecutor and regardless of the result. While in the second method, the interpreter is fair and because he consider  the warrant as good, he accept that in criminal procedure.

The releasing prosecution order excution is a new establishment at the criminal procedure law in 1378 wich hasnt had antecendent up to now and we know that, being influenced, of the jurist, from victimilogie knowledjment wich is given in investigating of justice and also in complaining and prosecution and totally in criminal struggle fate, more value to the favourits of plaintiff and on the other hand we can know the base of that wich is given from more advanced situation wich is named restorative justice. the jurist has predicted this award in the section wich is related to the terminate stage but the possibility of being issued this award is at the prosecution and at the primitive researches stage. by issuing this award the case wouldn’t closed to that would nat be enjoyed of as a issue prosecution, so ther isn"t the possibility of being complained from plaintiff. The jurist predicted the releasing prosecution order execution as a objectionable award, so because figuring being objectionable of this award is a sustain to the accuser.

The implementation of leniency institutions is one of the modern achievements of criminal sciences in response to criminal phenomena, and its effective application requires the establishment of legal frameworks and the shaping of an optimal model for these institutions. This study, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying legal scholars' perspectives on criminal policy in utilizing leniency institutions, also addresses the main question: What is the status of leniency institutions in the criminal policies of Iran and France? The results revealed that the status of leniency institutions has been established in both Iran and France; however, in France, the issue progresses with the priority of reducing imprisonment and revolves around dialogue between the victim and the offender. In contrast, in Iran, it predominantly focuses on the suspension of prosecution and the halting of investigations, which in some cases also leads to the elimination of prison-related measures. Additionally, one of the operational challenges of leniency institutions is that the legislator, without considering the existing resources in society for implementing the laws, enacts laws, regulations, and guidelines. This is while there must first be the means for enforcement, and only then should laws and regulations be enacted in accordance with the available resources. Therefore, in areas such as preserving human dignity for individuals unaware of the law and enacting laws to guide offenders away from passivity and towards reducing imprisonment, measures can be proposed to overcome challenges in this field.

The appropriateness of criminal prosecution means that the prosecutor is able to stop the process of prosecution. Namely, the prosecutor does not have the authority to initiate a prosecution if he believes that investigation would not serve the interests of justice. In England’s Legal System, the above- mentioned principle has been considered as one of the main principles applying on the process of prosecution. This principle has not been mentioned expressly in Iran's Criminal Procedure Code, but some of the provisions of this Code— for example, the fact that the prosecutor can stop the process of prosecution— have confirmed this issue. The draft of Iran ‘s Criminal Procedure Code, which nowadays is passing its final stages of being approved in the Islamic Consultative Assembly, attempted to base some provisions of this Code on this principle, although it has some problems.

Since 2010, with the amendment to the Counter Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance Act, the change in the legal approach to addicts was considered to be a form of illness and the criminal offense was abandoned. The abandonment of this criminal title has been conditional on the use of one of the prosecution alternatives as suspension of prosecution, according to which the pursuit of a person stops on condition of the treatment of addiction within a specified period. A judicial authority can, for one time, receive a suspensive suspension for six months and addict to one of the centers of the subject matter by obtaining adequate funding and a commitment to provide evidence of the issue of addiction abandonment. The centers are required to provide a monthly report to the judiciary or its representative on the treatment process of the addict. If the treatment is approved and the addiction withdrawn, the prosecutor shall issue the archives and, otherwise, proceed in accordance with the provisions of this article. Extension of the deadline the subject matter of this Note is permissible at the request of the relevant centers for a further period of three months. This legislative approach, as an important development, gave rise to a criminal law approach to addicts. In this regard, it is important that, within six years after the adoption of this law, how much of this "prosecution" institution is used by judicial authorities and how many of these successfully used to treat addicted persons have become. In this regard, by assessing the validity of this suspension, along with the pathology of this institution and the practical application of it, we will strive to provide solutions, solutions and practices that can, by eliminating practical challenges, more effective treatment Drug and psychotropic drug addicts.

Criminal justice management by abandoning traditional methods and eliminating retaliation aspects while preserving the effects of restoration aims at reducing the criminal record, the aggravation of cases and the costs of criminal justice. In economic analysis and that of the cost of criminal prosecution, when prosecution, sentencing or execution is not necessary, granting a victim an opportunity to rehabilitate is appropriate, and the crime committed is not an important one, criminal regressive policy proceeds. Our country also in line with the globalization of criminal law and the observance of the UN recommendations has established new institutions such as postponement of prosecution, file archiving, etc., and has expanded the scope of the institutions by adopting the Islamic Penal Code and the Penal Procedure Code 2013 as well as utilizing the capacity of the legal system and the public institutions along with the “criminal validation” approach, while validating the arbitrary institutions that are sometimes neglected. Legislative, judicial and executive Criminal policies changes are in connection with the development of a genuine human rights system, the individualization of criminal justice, prosecution alternatives, deprosecution, and so forth. In this paper, the individualization of criminal justice in the pre-trial phase is examined.

Prosecution of the accused is one of the main steps of the criminal prosecution process, which has been included among the powers and duties of the competent authority in the matter of prosecution in order to preserve individual and social interests.The decision to prosecute, in accordance with the rules of Iranian national proceedings, and in the field of international criminal law in accordance with the Statute of the International Criminal Court, is borne by the prosecutor.The study of the provisions of Iranian criminal law, along with an examination of the provisions of the Statute of the International Criminal Court as a valid and standard document on how to organize criminal proceedings through the confrontation of the two systems of mandatory or appropriate prosecution, help to better delineate the powers and duties of prosecutors.In the structure of Iranian regulations on criminal procedure, institutions such as discontinuance of prosecution, archiving of cases, mediation and suspension of prosecution are deemed as necessary institutions for recognition of the appropriateness of the prosecut1ion system that, with the approval of the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 2014, have emerged out of scattered and special laws and have assumed the comprehensive aspect.Moreover, in the light of Article 53 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the procedure governing the proceedings of this Court, it can be said that the International Criminal Court, despite the fact that it has adopted the model of compulsory prosecution as its principle or basis, has also paid attention to the principle of appropriateness of prosecution and the interests of justice and reasonable basis. Therefore, in some cases the Statute has left non-prosecution of the accused to the discretion of the prosecutor.In addition, anticipation of institutions such as deferral of investigation or prosecution, complementary jurisdiction in the provisions of the Statute and the precedent of the International Criminal Court are also considered as indicators that suggest recognition and application of a system based on appropriateness of prosecution in the rules and precedent of this Court.

Considering the benefits of alternative entities for the prosecution of infractions, the legislator has accepted their use in four mechanisms. However, since most of the accused are legal persons and the criminal responsibility acceptance for the legal entities is a subject of recent attention of the Iranian legislator, the law is silent about utilizing possible alternative entities for prosecution in the case of juridical persons. Therefore, the present descriptive-analytical research, evaluating the bases of prosecution alternatives and the legal conditions for their application, concludes that from the philosophical, criminological, and practical perspectives, according respectively to utilitarianism, labeling, and reducing the use of bail for legal sanctions theories, the possibility of applying prosecution alternatives to legal entities can be justified, from a legal point of view, some of the conditions foreseen in the alternative entities of prosecution, such as the suspension of penalty, and plaintiff pardon in pardonable crimes, can be applied to legal entities. However, applying other conditions such as crime-grading in cases where the punishment has not been sentenced for the legal entity, the record of an effective criminal conviction, the appointment of a competent person to declare consent, or the application of alternative entities on behalf of the legal entity in the cases stipulated in the law and applicable orders in the suspension of prosecution according to the nature of the legal entity is associated with challenges and uncertainties which by providing solutions suggests the urgency of differentiating alternative prosecution entities relative to legal entities.

Increasing rate of emergency services, high workload and shortage of nurses have significant effects on the quality of nursing care. Along with the global shortage of nurses, many of them may leave their jobs and work out of the nursing profession. This study was aimed to determine the amount of turnover and some related factors affecting the nurses working in hospitals of Zabol University of Medical Sciences in 2015.
In this descriptive correlational study, there were 196 nurses, participated based on census sampling, working in two hospitals of Zabol University. An individual profile’s questionnaire (9 clauses) and a questionnaire made by researcher predicting turnover (45 clauses) after performing validity and reliability were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and statistical tests of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, ANOVA, Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney.
Mean score of their tendency to leave the job was 128±29.9, and the majority of subjects (69.9%) had moderate tendency to turnover intentions. Among all, the social factors (mean= 3.63 out of 5) had created the highest tendency for leaving their job. Average in nature of the profession, job environment and social factors associated with leaving the service was significantly higher in male than female nurses (P=0.052). as well as the subjects of the job belong to a moderate (63.8%), respectively.
The results suggest that the nurses in this study have a modest tendency for turnover. However, due to the high mean score of the social factors in this study, it is essential to take the authorities attention to improve and change the viewpoints of the society towards nursing, in cooperation with the mass media.

Interactive crack-internal heterogeneous boundaries have been of a great concern to researchers and engineers. Extended finite element method (X-FEM) has recently emerged as an approach to implicitly create a discontinuity based on discontinuous partition of unity enrichment (PUM) of the standard finite element approximation spaces. The extended finite element method (X-FEM) in the combination with level set method (LSM) has been utilized. In this contribution, predefined cracks and internal boundaries are created without meshing the internal boundaries. Soft/hard circular inclusions (interfaces), voids and linear interfaces are considered as internal discontinuities. In addition, the stress intensity factors for mixed mode crack problems are numerically calculated by using interaction integral approach. The interaction integral method is based on the path independent J-integral. The 4-noded rectangular element is considered to discretize the assumed plates. The effects of shape, size and schemes of internal boundary distributions are numerically simulated. The results are shown that the crack paths are attracted to soft internal boundaries and move away from the hard internal boundaries. Also, the influences of internal voids are much more than inclusions. In addition, the linear internal interface has affected the crack growth paths entirely and is created a complicate crack path. All numerical examples are demonstrated the flexibility and capabilities of X-FEM in the applied fracture mechanics