In fact, the social stratification of Iran from the third century AH to the thirteenth century AH was almost the same and similar, and in fact the texture, structure and political composition of Iran in the early Qajar era was not much different from previous eras. Because society was divided into two distinct groups, regardless of normal stratification. 1. The privileged and ruling class was at the top. 2- There was also a lower and non-ruling class. What was really going on in the Iranian society in the mentioned fields was very different from the Persian version and model, and questions about all these differences are automatically raised. Today, it is argued that the roots of today's political dilemmas go back to the recent past. In this study, the fundamental question is the political structure of Qajar Iran (a society transitioning from past traditions to modern life and Modern) is studied in order to be able to explain, analyze and describe the roots of the disorders of that era by examining the political structure of the Qajar era in European travelogues. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used with the help of referring to library resources.

The character of Ayatullah Taliqani and his method in the exegesis of the Quran gave rise to a large number of elites welcoming this exegesis in the two or three decades ending in the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This commentary was eloquent along with distinct features almost unique by that time in writing religious and exegetical works in Persian. The most significant factors of the eloquence of this commentary are as follows: author’s concern for the younger generation and the educated people, skillful use of expressive language, focusing on artistic aspects of the Quran., measured distinctive choice of Persian vocabulary, benefiting from authoritative sources, addressing in contemporary expression, seeing the events and occurrences in the light of verses, taking scientific exegesis into account, useful historical information, analytical element and benefitting from literature sources. All these features contributed to providing a scholarly exegesis catching the interest of the intellectuals. These qualities made Partow Commentary a distinctive example of the exegesis of the holy Quran with a social approach in Persian language. Giving a brief account of general features of social exegesis, the present article deals with these distinctions in the commentary of “Partowi as Quran”.

The present article aims to investigate the stances taken by the clergy during the process of power transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi dynasty. The purpose of this study is to delve deep into the causes for the involvement of this long-lasting social class in the Iranian political arena from the rise of the Sardar Sepah to the emergence of the Pahlavi dynasty. The main question is whether the clergy played a significant and essential role in the deposition of the Qajar dynasty. Using the historical analytical method and based on the findings of this study, it can be argued that Reza Khan went through three stages in the process of overthrowing the Qajar dynasty. In the first two phases, the clergy mainly adopted an essentially neutral or, at most, critical stance. However, since the conclusion of the Khuzestan crisis, i.e. the beginning of the last phase, the clergy fundamentally changed its attitude. The viewpoint held by religious authorities (marājiʿ) which considered a central power necessary for preserving the religion, prevailed. Furthermore, the improvement of the relationship with Seyyed Hasan Modarres gave Reza Khan the upper hand in the political struggle. The two factors, together, significantly contributed to Reza Khan’s impending success.

A large number of maritime claims, are entitled to a legal protection that is established at the time of creation of the claim and subsequently, maritime lien in favour of the creditor. National regulations of maritime liens, dates back to ancient laws and customs and In order to removing differences of theses regulations, some international conventions on unification of certain rules relating to maritime liens, have been adopted. Maritime lien, create rights of priority and prosecution for the creditor. so, it is naturally a kind of security or encumbrance. In this research, the concept and nature of maritime lien is studied and meanwhile, we study, critically, Iranian maritime Act which, there is confusion in some of its sections between the concept and nature of (maritime claim) and (maritime lien).

This study is designed to deteremine the sex differences in volume and surface anatomical parameters in the cingulate cortex of the left cerebral hemispheres in healthy right - handed subjects. This cross - sectional descriptive study was performed on 72 human brains (38 males, 34 females). The brains belonged to right - handed subjects who had died of non - neurologic causes. The age of males and females was similar. The brains were removed from the cranium no longer than 24 hours postmortem and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution. The right hemisphere of each brain was used for neuropathologic examinations (to confirm the health of the brain) and the left one was used for stereologic analyses. The estimation of the volume, surface areas, and thickness of the cingulate cortex was performed on photographs of 5 mm serial coronal sections of the left hemispheres using unbiased stereological methods (with point and linear grids). The results were analyzed by t- student test. The volumes of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 10.923.06 and 10.52.30cm3, respectively. The outer surface area was 43.8710.73 cm2 in males and 43.748.68cm2 in females. The inner surface areas in males and females were 34.8711.56 and 36.558.08cm2, respectively. There was no significant difference between two sexes in the volume and surface areas of the left cingulate cortex. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 2.880.5 and 2.510.3mm, respectively. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in females was 12.85% smaller than males (P<0.05). Although the volume and outer and inner surface areas of the left cingulated cortex are similar between two sexes, the cortical thickness of this area in healthy right - handed females is significanlty smaller than males. The functional significance of these sexual differences and similarities in human brain is not clear. However, scientists must be aware of them in their morphometrical studies on human brain.

This study compared the learning styles, study styles and time management in gifted and non-gifted students. This research is descriptive-comparison. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 100 students from gifted and non-gifted Kurdistan University are eligible for this research were randomly selected. for data gathering,Vermont and Van Ryjsvyk Learning style questionnaire (ILS),a Marton and Sljv study approaches questionnaire and, Bryton and Tesr management time inventory and demographic characteristics questionnaire was used. For data analysis using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. showed that between gifted and non-gifted students learning styles and study styles there was significant difference, but the two groups were not significantly different in terms of efficient use of time. It is a time management workshops and teaching effective learning and study strategies by educational and counseling services to students by the university authorities to take action to occur.

In addition to common stock, the most important source of financing public and private companies, preferred stocks are other important securities. What differ between these two stocks are the privileges and features of preferred stock that common stocks don’t have. Nowadays, such a share is an appropriate tool for investing in emerging or emerging companies as well as companies facing a financial crisis, and investors will not be willing to invest in them in the normal way without obtaining specific rates. Nowadays, such a share is an appropriate tool for investing in emerging or emerging companies as well as companies facing a financial crisis, and investors will not be willing to invest in them in the normal way without obtaining specific rates. While these benefits are wide and varied, Iranian legislator, just in clause 2 Article 24 commercial code bill, define this type of stock but don’t speak about the privileges and practice of them in details. In this descriptive and analytical study, the authors have attempted to study the nature and typology of preferred stock in pioneer countries and then, suggest strategies in order to improve the legislation or jurisprudence in this field.