In this report, mixed matrix membranes which are supported by polyethersulfone and sulfonated polyethersulfone prepared for dehydration of isopropanol. The prepared membranes are composed of a porous sublayer from polyethersulfone/sulfonated polyethersulfone and a composite top layer of poly(vinyl alcohol) and titanate nanotubes. In fact, hydrothermally-synthesized titanate nanotubes are dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol). Moreover, the sulfonated polyethersulfone are used to investigate the effects of the porous sublayer on mass transport and the separation performance of the membranes. Next, the ability of the prepared membranes were studied for pervaporation separation of 90 wt% aqueous isopropanol mixture at 50 . The obtained results indicate that the thickness and chemical properties of the support have had a significant influence on pervaporation results. Totally, decreasing the difference between hydrophilicity of top layer and support has resulted in formation of an ideal interface between the layers. Furthermore, the presence of sulfone groups in interface, formation of hydrogen bounds among hydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sulfone groups of the sublayer are responsible for enhanced compatibility between the layers. As a result, selective separation of water through the membranes was obtained. In addition, the results indicated that the support led to existence of an additional mass transport in isopropanol dehydration as well as requiring the physical support for the resultant membranes. The obtained results showed that when 4 wt% titanate nanotubes were dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) which was supported by sulfonated polyethersulfone the flux and separation factor were about  0.29 kg/m2 h and 4828, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the testis culture of patients who had maturation arrest in spermatogenesis during previous years and to find the appropriate methods for overcoming these problems.
The spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were isolated from testis biopsy of the patients and divided in 3 groups: 1) culture of SSCs without feeder layer 2) co-culture of SSCs with patient-derived sertoli cell and 3) co-culture of SSCs on Sertoli cell feeder layer derived from healthy donors. Then the number and diameters of stem cell-derived colonies and the percentage of cell viability was calculated in different groups. The presence of SSCs in different time of culture was determined by using methods of immunochemistry, alkaline phosphatase and via xenotransplantation of SSCs into azoospermic mouse model.
The microenvironment of feeder layer derived from the patient’s own Sertoli cells produced many large colonies after 3 weeks of culture )36.1 ± 4 numeral and 213.2±17 micrometer respectively). However The ratio of germ cell-specific genes expression (Stra8 and Vasa) was more than pluripotency gene (Nanog) in culture of SSCs on Sertoli cell layer of healthy person (2.3 and 2.2 vs 0.45 respectively). After xenotransplantation of human SSCs into testis of azoospermic mouse model these cells replace on basement membrane of seminiferous tubules that confirmed their nature.
To overcome the arrest of spermatogenesis observed in co-culture of SSCs with patient-derived sertoli cells,the SSCs could co-culture with Sertoli cells derived from healthy donors. The results of present study indicated that it can be possible to resume spermatogenesis in cancer patients who have been previously exposed to chemotherapy and∕or radiotherapy.

Application of stem cells in medical research and treatment has made a new horizon to progress in many disorders. So finding methods for better isolation and culture and maintenance of stem cells (SC) has a specific importance. Aim of this research was to evaluate the protective effects of 3 different layers of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) and 3T3 on Sc for increasing the amounts of cells for transplantation and differentiation. Blastocysts were obtained from 10 Balb/c pregnant mice. Collected embryos were put on 3 different feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs), Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and 3T3 cell line. Two or 3 days later, the zona pellucida was removed and after 5 days the inner cell mass (ICM) growth, was removed mechanically and changed to small multi-cellular clumps through trypsination. Then formed colonies were cultured on feeder layers. Finally the colonies were identified through staining with alkaline phosphates for their numbers and morphological characteristics. From 29 embryos put on MEF layer all t of them (100%) was attached. From 32 embryos put on the MSC layer (64.5%) was attached. While the amount of attaching of 20 blastocysts to the 3T3 feeder layer was low and none of them reach to the growth stage of the inner cell mass. The amount of colonies formation during three passages on MEF feeder layer was more than MSC feeder layer. Data analysis demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.05) in percentage and time of hatching and time for living of blastocysts Considering these three feeder layers, MEF was better than MSC and both of them had priority to 3T3.

The 3T3 feeder layer cells are commonly used for stem cell maintenance and expansion. Although feeder free systems are recently being developed for embryonic stem cells culture, deciphering the ability of new sources of feeder cells is still important for accurate expansion of epithelial stem cells. This study was aimed to introduce a new feeder layer for the culture of human limbal stem cells which can be applied for therapeutic corneal regeneration. For this purpose, the potential of unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) isolated from umbilical cord blood was investigated. Human limbal stem cells were co-cultured with mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in addition with human unrestricted somatic stem cell (USSC), isolated from full term-pregnant women. The expression of surface markers including CD73, CD90, CD105, CD45, CD34, and CD44was evaluated using flowcytometry. Lmbal stem cells were cultured on two feeder layers in which mitotic activities were inhibited using mitomycin C. The morphology of cultured cells was assessed using phase-contrast microscopy. Furthermore, stem cell characteristics were assessed using immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR for stem cell markers including p63, KRT19, KRT3, Cx43, vimentin, involucrin and ABCG2. Additionally, chromosomal karyotype analysis was preformed. Cord blood somatic stem cells with spindle-shaped morphology can be quickly split up. The results demonstrated that limbal stem cells cultured on USSC surface were positive for ABCG2, 63 and KRT19. These results were confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. Limbal stem cells grown on a USSC feeder layer maintained a stem cell-like phenotype, comparable to cells grown on a 3T3 feeder layer. Karyotype analysis of USSCs and Limbal stem cells represented a normal 44XX karyotype. USSC could successfully support the growth of human limbal stem cells even better than 3T3 feeder cells. Since USSC are derived from human beings, it has an advantage over 3T3.

The research aims to understand the factors influencing the fluctuating relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the influential Shiite Sadr movement in Iraq. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal layers of fluctuations in relations from 2003 to 2022 and to examine the future scenarios of the relationship between the parties. Also, one of the subsidiary goals of this article is to fill the research gap in this field. The method discussed in this article is the "layered analysis of causes" or the " layered causal" method by Soheil Enayatollah. Information was collected through library research, documents, and interviews with experts and analysts in Iraq. Based on the findings of the research, the main challenges and divisions of the Sadr-Iran movement include the historical background of the Arab-Ajam conflict in Iraq, the Pan-Arabic tendencies of the Sadr movement, Iran's support for Muqtada al-Sadr's rivals in Iraq's political arena, and divisions among Jaish al-Mahdi commanders. One of the destructive effects of some Arab countries in the region is their negative impact on neighboring countries and beyond. According to the findings of this study, the intensification and emphasis of the Sadr on the Pan-Arabic discourse and Arab nationalism, the emphasis on the Shiite-Arab authority over the Persian authority in Iraq, as well as the continued public support of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the political rivals of this process in the complex field. Iraq's political turmoil may result in a deterioration of relations between Iran and Sadr. On the contrary, with Sadr and Iran's focus on convergent issues such as shared history, shared fate, numerous religious commonalities, and the mediation of the Islamic Republic of Iran to resolve differences between Iraqi Shiite parties and groups, the Sadr movement will certainly be effective in enhancing and strengthening relations.

In this study, the geometrical changes at cathode electrode in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been considered by inserting baffle plates across the channel. The effects of the blockage with various gap ratios, shape, thickness and numbers of the baffle plates, and the porosity of the diffusion layer on the oxygen transport and the pressure drop across the channel length are explored. It is revealed that partially blocked oxygen channel with rectangular baffle has the most velocity and oxygen concentration in the gas diffusion layer/catalyst layer interface than that of the other shape of plates; however results in a penalty of high pressure-loss. Increasing the porosity of gas diffusion layer (GDL), baffle plate thickness and baffle number and/or reducing the gap size in order to enhance the reactant gas transport result in pressure loss. Here, among the parameters considered, the porosity of GDL, gap ratio and plate number have the most remarkable impact on the oxygen transport to GDL and variation in pressure drop.

improvement is essential. In cases where weak soil is improved by a replacing method, the improvement depth, due to the stress distribution pattern, is of great importance. However, in some cases, it is very dicult or too expensive to provide enough improvement depth. Hence, additional bearing capacity or other improvement methods are required. Using a geogrid to reinforce soil is an eective alternative way to improve the bearing capacity more eectively and economically. In this paper, the eect of replacing a loose layer by a dense one on the bearing capacity and settlement of a strip footing has initially been investigated. Then, the in uence of a geogrid layer placed on the interface of loose and dense layers is analyzed and investigated using nite dierence FLAC  software. The numerical model is veried and calibrated using experimental data from a physical model developed in the Soil Laboratory of Amirkabir University. Analyses results show that increasing the depth of compacted soil layer by more than  times the width of the foundation, does not have a considerable eect on the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings, and only settlements will decrease. Using a geogrid layer between loose and compacted soil will improve the bearing capacity greatly, for a modied depth less than  times the width of the foundation 'The most ecient improvement in this method is when the geogrid layer is placed on the boundary of loose and dense layers at a depth of  the foundation width. The eciency of reinforcement is reduced by increasing the improvement depth. Using a reinforced layer with a width of less than  times the foundation width is not recommended.

In present paper, we investigate the effect hole injection layer in the improvement of the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In particular, the capability of a spin-coated polymer containing polythiophene is compared with the functionality of the Copper(II) phthalocyanine small molecule which is deposited by thermal evaporation. In first step, a reduction from 11.4v to 8.5v is obtained in turn-on voltage of the device by incorporation of calcium as cathode electrode. Next, The effect of adding different hole injection layer diode structure to improve the performance of the device was examined. The functionality of the injection layers are examined by measuring different characteristics, namely current density-voltage, electroluminescence spectra, emission intensity, device lifetime, and current efficiency. Device with Copper(II) phthalocyanine presents superior characteristic comparing to the device which employs polythiophene based conducting polymer; i.e. reduction in turn-on voltage from 8.5v to 6.5v, increase in emission intensity from 1160 cd/m2 to 1600 cd/m2, increase in device lifetime from 72 to 94 hours, and finally enhancement in current efficiency from 0.2 cd/A to 0.6 cd/A.

Today, one of the problems in resolving disputes regarding consumers and suppliers is complaints and requests made by persons other than the main consumer, and the objection of the other party to the complaint (supplier) is that plaintiff has no position in the lawsuit and therefore has no responsibility against him. In Turkish Protection Law, customer protection is mainly based on consumer protection Law, and the same should be done in Iranian Law. The purpose of the consumer protection Act is to protect of consumers who are primarily dealing with the seller or supplier. The purpose of this paper, is to examine the possibility of the subsequent consumer, i.e. a consumer who procures a good or service not from the original supplier but from a buyer who has already purchased from the original seller during the consumption process. Analytical and descriptive studies in Iranian and Turkish law have been conducted. A review of Turkish jurisprudence shows that consumer protection Act is the main source of consumer protection in this country, and that Turkish law provides better solutions for the protection of the subsequent consumer. In the Iranian legal system, civil law does not provide adequate protection for the subsequent consumer, and this issue should be provided in the consumer protection Law. Until new protection laws are passed, it is necessary to examine the capacity of existing laws to protect the subsequent consumer.

Enhancing fog collector efficiency can be achieved by increasing the number of layers in various collectors. This study scrutinized the influence of layers on efficiency for conventional collectors (Raschel and Aluminum mesh) through a meticulous analysis of theoretical relationships and the execution of experimental tests. In the laboratory phase, following the installation of the system, the output flow from the humidifier was directed toward the collecting plate. Subsequently, the efficiency of collectors with 1, 2, 5, and 7 layers was assessed and compared based on the amount of collected water post-fog extraction. The results of the investigation into the theoretical relations governing water extraction from fog revealed a significant trend. As the shade coefficient of the collector increases, aerodynamic efficiency demonstrates an initial increase, peaking at 50-60%, followed by a subsequent decrease. Furthermore, the efficiency of Raschel and Aluminum mesh is intricately linked to the number of layers, with the highest theoretical efficiency observed at 4 and 7 layers, respectively. Experimental findings indicated the highest water collection efficiency for Raschel mesh with 5 layers at 55.3% and for Aluminum mesh with 6 layers at 58.1%. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the optimal number of layers for Raschel and Aluminum mesh is determined to be 2 and 4 layers, respectively.