The association between central corneal thickness and retinal fiber layer thickness with refractive error (emmetropic، myopic and hyperopic eyes). 180 eyes (64 emmetropic eyes، 70 myopic eyes، 46 hyperopic eyes) in young subjects (18-35 years of age) were randomly selected. The participants in this study didn’t have any ocular pathology or any previous surgical history. Pachymetry pattern of RTVUE OCT in central corneal thickness (CCT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. Mean CCT was 539. 36 ± 36. 37 microns. Emmetropic eyes had thinner corneas (emmetropic eyes: 536. 14، myopic eyes: 539. 67، hyperopic eyes: 543. 28 microns). Myopic subjects had thinner RNFL thickness (myopic eyes: 114. 21، emmetropic eyes: 121. 05، hyperopic eyes: 120. 45). Univariate analysis revealed that CCT is positively correlated with RNFL in hyperopic and myopic eyes. Our findings demonstrate that RNFL may have positively correlated with CCT in hyperopic and myopic eyes. RNFL had inversely correlated with the amount of myopia and positively correlated with hyperopia. CCT was not significantly correlated with refractive error.

To determine peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT) in a normal Iranian population and to evaluate the concordance of these measurements with those obtained by the second generation of optical coherence tomography (OCT II). In a cross-sectional observational study, 96 normal Iranian subjects 20-53 years of age were enrolled. Peripapillary RNFL thickness in one randomly selected eye of each subject was measured by 3D-OCT and also by OCT II. Standard achromatic perimetry, corneal pachymetry and A-scan ultrasonographic biometry were also performed. Other study variables included age, gender, laterality (right versus left eye), refractive error, corneal diameter and disc area. Mean peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by 3D-OCT (75.50±8.38 µm) was significantly less than that measured by OCT II (144.10±33.32 µm) (P<0.001). Using 3D-OCT, no significant difference in peripapillary RNFL thickness was observed by gender (P=0.90) or laterality (P=0.17); RNFL thickness had no correlation with age (P=0.95), axial length (P=0.32), spherical equivalent refractive error (P=0.21), central corneal thickness (P=0.66) and disc area (P=0.31). However, a positive correlation was found between peripapillary RNFL thickness and corneal diameter (P=0.03). 3D-OCT seems to yield lower RNFL thickness values as compared to OCT II. It seems advisable to obtain separate baseline measurements when using different generations of OCT machines.

Previous studies suggest that retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness decreases over time in multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be a marker of disease activity for patients’ follow-up. Here, we aimed to compare RNFL thickness in patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) during three years of follow-up.
During this prospective study, patients with diagnosis of RRMS and history of optic neuritis were included in the study. Demographic features and disease characteristics were collected and they underwent Optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT was repeated after three years and obtained amounts were compared.
A total of 12 patients (11 women) with mean age of 35.6 ± 6.1 years and mean disease duration of 5.3 ± 5.8 were included in the study. RNFL thickness was 101.27 ± 9.15μm and 92.00 ±7.96 μm in the left eye at the baseline and after 3 years, respectively (P-value We found a significant decrease in RNFL thickness in RRMS patients after 3 years of follow up, in spite of getting immunomodulatory treatment. We recommend OCT as an inexpensive and feasible tool for outcome measurement in RRMS patients.

This Study was performed in order to determine the mean difference of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in both eyes of non-amblyopic anisometropia and evaluation of its relationship with near stereopsis of these individuals. In the present analytical descriptive study, 23 patients with non-amblyopic anisometropia were chosen (13 men, 10 women, with an average age of 27.82 and with the range age of 18-35 years). Patients were studied after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The difference of nerve fiber layer thickness in both eyes of non-amblyopic anisometropia was determined and then its relationship with near stereopsis was evaluated. Anisometropic patients were divided into 3 groups: anisoastigmatism, anisomyopic, and anisohypropic. The difference of the means of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be 0.08 between the right and the left eyes in anisometropic patients, which is not statistically significant (P= 0.979). The difference of the means in anisoastigmatic group was calulcated to be 0.72±5.21 and. 83± 4.19 in non-anisoastigmatic group, which was not statistically significant, either (P= 0.436). The difference of the means in was 1.00±4.10 anisomyopic group and 1.10±5.30 in non-anisomyopic group, which waere not significant, either (P= 0.296). The data of the anisohypropic group was not stiatistically studied due to the insufficiency of participants (one individual only). The correlation coefficient between the thickness difference and stereopsis was found to be %19.6, reveling no statistically significant difference (P= 0.371). There is no significant difference between the mean of thickness of retinal nerve fiber layers of right and left eyes in patients with non-amblyopic anisometropia. Also, there is no significant relationship between near stereopsis and the aforementioned thickness difference in these individuals.

The laminate composite plates are a candidate to delaminate when subjected to stresses concentration during the drilling operation. In this paper, the influence of drill feed rate and diameter in the delamination of composite plates is studied by experimental tests. For this purpose a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) plates with different thickness are made in laboratory and drilling is done for the 54 different drilling condition cases. Based on digital images processing (DIP) for the drilled surfaces, an image of the damaged area was used to measure the delaminated area and then compare the results. Optimum feed rate is obtained as 200 mm/min for CFRP and 125 mm/min for GFRP with the spindle speed of 800 rpm. By increasing the thickness of the composites, there is a decrease in the delamination, so that by increasing the thickness of the CFRP and the GFRP to 4 mm, with increasing diameter of the drilling tool, the area of the damage region in the same feed rate has decreased. In most cases, a directly proportional relationship was confirmed between an area of damage region and the feed rate.

The pathogenesis of appendicitis remains poorly understood. However there is increasing evidence of involvement of the enteric nervous system in immune regulation and in inflammatory responses.This study was setup to characterize the status of the enteric nervous system and mast cells in acute appendicitis with normal and non inflamed appendix with clinical symptoms In this descriptive study, staining in surgically resected appendixes from 15 patients with histologically proven acute appendicitis (Histologically appendicitis, HA), 15 histologically normal appendix (Histologically normal, HN) from patients with a clinical diagnosis of appendicitis and normal histology,and15 normal appendixes from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery were studied in Shaid Mostafa Khomeyni medical center, Iran during 2000-01. S100-Positive schwann cells and synaptophisin-positive nerve fibers were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining and mast cells were evaluated with histochemical staining with Toloiden –blue.The number of nerve fibres, schwann cells and mast cells in each tissue compartment was measured quantitively with light microscope in 20 microscopic high power fields. Then the mean number of cells was calculated in each field (×400). Increased numbers of fibers and schwann cells widely distributed in the Muscularis and submucosa were seen in the all HA appendixes. Increased numbers of mast cells distributed in submucosa were seen in the all HA appendixes. A significantly increased number of individually stained nerve fibers, schwann cells and mast cells were present in HA appendixes compared with control appendixes (P<0.05). In this study showed that significant increase in neural components and mast cells in acute appendicitis indicates the interaction between the nervous system and mast cells in pathogenesis of acute appendicitis.