Dengue fever, an arboviral disease primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, poses a significant public health concern globally. Key vectors, such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes cinereus, are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting over 140 countries. These species are also found in Iran, particularly in the southern, southeastern, and northern regions. Diagnosing dengue fever presents challenges, including differentiating it from other febrile illnesses and recognizing early warning signs of severe dengue. Symptoms typically include acute fever, warning signs of severe illness, and potential complications. The clinical progression of dengue includes three phases: the febrile phase, critical phase, and recovery phase. A comprehensive understanding of clinical manifestations, prognostic indicators, diagnostic algorithms, and laboratory methods is crucial for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and effective disease management. Given the absence of specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for dengue, supportive care and symptomatic treatment remain essential. This narrative review discusses the management of dengue fever, focusing on supportive care, fluid management, antipyretic and analgesic medications, and antiviral treatments. Additionally, it reviews potential future treatment strategies and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention in improving patient outcomes. The study also explores immunological targets, vaccine platforms, clinical trials, and future prospects for dengue vaccination. Furthermore, it presents prevention strategies targeting Aedes mosquitoes and outlines the challenges that lie ahead. By adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, we can pave the way for advancements in the prevention and control of dengue fever related to Aedes mosquito transmission. Continued research efforts, innovative collaborations, and public health training are vital to combat dengue fever and reduce its burden on affected populations worldwide.

Fever is one of the most common reasons for which parents of infants and young children seek medical care. This study aimed to understand the problems of parents in the care and management of febrile children in depth and ultimately provide ways to resolve this issue. The present study is a descriptive exploratory research (a kind of mix method design) with the aim of examining the problems of managing fever in children by their parents. The study population was parents of children referred to health centers in Bushehr. The study sample was purposively selected. Data collection included semi-structured interviews, demographic information and empowering questionnaire. The qualitative data were analyzed based on directed content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 19) and descriptive and analytical statistics at a significance level of 0.05. In the qualitative study, coding and condensing data from interviews determined in six categories, including: the need for awareness, preparedness for coping, acting independently performance of effective care, sense of control and management positions and satisfaction. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents were, 6.65±1.58, 11.87±3.41 and 55.44±5.97, respectively. In addition, scores of empowering in terms of some demographic characteristics showed significant correlation. The need for basic information about how to manage fever and also need to empowering mothers in such a way to be prepared enough to cope with fever were presents in most of participants’ interviews. It is recommended that health workers provide the parents more complete education by empowerment models to reach satisfactory abilities in managing their children,s fever.

Introduction & Fever is very common in children and is usually due to self-limiting viral infections. Management of fever is based on culture, community and religion of people all over the world. Parental concerns arise in part because of the belief that fever is a disease rather than a symptom or sign of illness. Misconceptions about childhood fevers heighten parent's concerns leading to inappropriate use of antipyretic drugs or overdosing may cause drug toxicity and frequent use of health care services. This study aimed to identify parental views of fever management in their children aged 0-5 yr. In this cross sectional study, 350 parents with children less than 5 years referred to various units of clinics covered by community oriented center of Kermanshah, completed the research questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined and the data was analyzed by SPSS Software. Findings showed that the first medical care was sponging (53.1%). Sponging with saltwater was common (47.7%) and Over - the - counter medications were (30%). Acetaminophen was the first drug in 90% of the cases. However, many parents express high levels of anxiety so that they seek for self-medication with antibiotic 34% of the cases. Our study showed that correlation between over concern about fever management and parents who had a positive past medical history in their children with P=0.02, parents education (P=0.018) and in employed mothers (P=0.005) was statistically significant. Considerable efforts will be required to educate parents about fever and its management.

This study aimed to provide an evidence-based guideline for the clinical management of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. In this narrative review, the most recently published sources of information on febrile neutropenia consisting of textbooks and articles, have been reviewed. We focused on the more recent data about diagnosis, treatment and management in children through the use of the MeSH-term words “pediatric patient”, “febrile neutropenia”, “hematologic malignancies”, in Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid and Science Direct. Meanwhile, our search was not restricted to this particular strategy; we also tried to find all of the most recent available data in the field. Step-by-step recommendations including risk assessment, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic guidelines have been provided in this review. Although the incidence and severity of febrile neutropenia and its complications are inversely proportional to the absolute neutrophil count, it is still possible to determine the risk and categorize patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Besides, even in high-risk patients, those who are more suspected of severe sepsis also could be identified by well-designed predictor models. This guideline has attempted to provide an evidence-based approach in children with cancer who had fever and neutropenia based on the latest validated reports to be used as a helpful strategy for better management of broad-spectrum antibiotics and resources. This study has provided useful diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for the management of children with fever and neutropenia, although, in some situations, attention to local epidemiological and bacteriologic data and also further validation of suggested guidelines may still be required.

undergoing congenital heart surgery and causes anxiety in the surgeon and the patient's parents. Proper diagnosis and management of fever requires careful preoperative patient evaluation, targeted physical examination, and comprehensive knowledge about the prevalence and common causes of fever. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fever after congenital heart surgery in children.

This was a descriptive-analytical study on children under 10 years of age undergoing congenital heart surgery in the cardiac operating room of Golestan Hospital of Ahvaz in 2021. Data collection tools included a two-section checklist. The first section was related to demographic characteristics and the second addressed patients' clinical status and causes of fever. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

After surgery, 21 patients (31.8%) developed fever and the prevalence of fever was not significantly associated with age, sex, presence of genetic syndrome, type of disease, type of operation, cardio pulmonary bypass, duration of aortic cross clamp, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, or duration of operation. However, it was significantly correlated with the mean length of ICU stay (P> 0.05).

The prevalence of fever in patients undergoing congenital heart surgery was relatively high and had a significant relationship with the length of ICU stay.

Febrile seizure is the most common type of seizure that occurs in 3– 4% of children below the age of 5 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of recurrence of febrile and afebrile seizures after the first febrile seizure. In a descriptive prospective study, 139 children (6months to 6years old) admitted between March 2004and August 2005 at Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi Hospital because of febrile seizures were followed up for25.1±5.5 months for seizure recurrence. 76 boys and 63 girls with mean age of 2.03±1.21 year were studied. Febrile seizure was simple in 67% and complex in 33% of them. 37.4 % had febrile seizure recurrence with mean survival recurrence rate of 6.7±5.9, while 6.4% had afebrile seizures with mean survival recurrence rate of 7.8±9.4months. Risk factors for recurrence of febrile seizures included age below one year during the initial seizure and occurrence of seizure within one hour of onset of fever. Risk factors for epilepsy included focal febrile seizure, neurodevelopmental delay, occurrence of seizure within one hour of onset of fever and recurrent febrile seizures. In this study, age of onset in infants below one year was one of risk factors of febrile seizure recurrence and it was more prolonged in infants. It is therefore advisable to seriously consider febrile seizures in this age group.

Fever is one of the complications of the disease, whose etiology may remain unrecognized in diagnostic evaluations in some cases. Avicenna, the Iranian scientist, classified fever on the basis of the etiology of the involved organ, timing of fever, and the involved temperaments. According to him, the three types of fever are Dagh fever, phlegmatic fever, and daily fever. Avicenna emphasized on history taking and careful examination of patients and stated that the physician should ask about anything that is related to the events before occurrence of fever. It seems that understanding the ideas proposed in the traditional medicine can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment of the underlying causes of fever.

Drugs have been estimated to the cause of 10-15% of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Drug fever as the only manifestation or the most prominent clinical characteristics of an adverse reaction occurs in 3-5% of patients. Considering drugs as a cause of fever of unknown origin is important from clinical viewpoint. Drug fever is a febrile response coinciding temporally with the administration of a drug, subsides once the causative drug is disvontinued, and other probable causes of fever such as infection, malignancy,thromboembolic disease, cerebrovascular accidents, collagen vascular diseases, acute gout, surgery, and trauma have been ruled out by physical examinations and paraclinical investigations. A wide range of agents could induce fever by different mechanisms. Antibiotics have been considered as the most common offending agents among different drug classes causing fever. Antibiotics are associated with about one-third of drug-related fever episodes.Among antibiotics, drug fever has been mostly reported with betalactams, sulfonamides, and nitrofurantion. The sole effective approach to manage drug fever is to discontinue the offending agents(S).

During 2010-2011, Real-time PCR procedure was used to detecting FMDV RNA on 147 epithelium samples from the field. In this survey, for Real-time PCR from 3D gene segment as conserve region selected for tracking all of seven serotypes FMDV. The assay detected the viral RNA in all serotypes of FMDV. The rRT-PCR specifically detected FMD virus in sample with greater sensitivity than our conventional RT-PCR procedure and our routine diagnostic procedures. Sensitivity of this technique was estimated by 10-log serials dilution Asia virus RNA that defined 101.2 TCID50/ml. Also, to assess the specificity of primer pairs related to 3D segment and specific probe was used Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) isolates RNA. The results showed that rRT-PCR is seen as a powerful and valuable tool concomitant with routine diagnostic methods for FMD virus diagnosis.

Background and Febrile seizure is the most common convulsive disorder which occurs in 2% - 4% of children. This study determined demographic and etiologic first attack of febrile seizure in children admitted BooALISina hospital Sari، iran. In this cross-sectional study، all children (6 months to 6 years old) that were admitted with the diagnosis of febrile seizure in pediatric department of Boo Ali Sina hospital mazandaran medical sciences، Sari، Iran in March to October 2011 were studied. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (version 16) applying chi-square at the significant level of α = 0. 05. Among 250 children studied، 134 males and 126 females، and the peak incidence of fever and convulsions in the age range 1-2 years. The most common underlying causes were respiratory infections (56. 8)، followed by gastroenteritis (22. 4). In% 91. 3 of cases of seizures occurred within the first 24 hours after onset of fever. And the most common form of seizures generalized tonic clonic and simple Febrile convulsion. There was no significant correlation between age، sex and the type of seizure. 5%>p and the seasonal incidence of fever and convulsions common in winter (% 68. 4). no significant relation between the Febrile seizure and electrolyte Disturbances (Na، k، BS، Ca). Anemia was found in (%56. 8) of patients. Positive family history and genetic background one of the important factors in the incidence of febrile seizure at ages 1-2 years and the over use of drugs in the prevention of febrile seizures is ineffective. Routine blood chemistry analysis is not necessary in children with febrile seizures and only should be ordered based on the patient’s condition or medical history.