Experimental
Wastewater station and monitoringWater Reclamation Plant is located in Shiraz industrial town, Fars, Iran. Wastewater of 1100 small and medium industrial units are collected through the sewage system and treated in this station. Its capacity is 2500 m3 per day but now, loaded wastewater is only about 1200 to 1500 m3 per day. Treatment Methods is completely biological and chemical purification method does not use in reactors. Logon and stilling pond with anaerobic system, UABR system, UASB, Selector, SBR and wetland are the parts of this plant. Biological treatment starts from anaerobic lagoons, that wastewater fixation done there, afterward gas and methane produced as a result of bacteria’s activity. At this point, pollution concentration decreased and the amount of COD reduced. In order to wastewater could achieve suitable retention time to provide sufficient time for the biological response, two lagoons and a stilling pond designed between the lagoons that is Plug Flow reactor type. This system will reduce energy consumption and operating costs. Depth of lagoons is about 5 to 6 meters and stilling pool depth is 120 cm in stilling pond sewage find enough time to complete the biological process. Wastewater inters to lagoon1initially and after crossing the stilling pool sheds to the lagon2. In stilling pool sewage find enough time to complete the biological process. Sludge deposited along the way and not transferred to the next unit, sludge are drains from lagoons once a week.
DataChanges in effluent before and after crossing the zeolite channel were measured according intended indices in the laboratory by regular sampling (90 samples during 3 month). PH, temperature, TSS, TDS, EC, and COD of wastewater that loaded and exceeded to zeolite channels were measured. Same analysis methods were applied to determine the effluent characteristics.
Modeling processIn order to model the effect of zeolite channels on the wastewater characteristics at first the relationship between daily values of (EC) and COD of exceeding effluent from Shiraz industrial town treatment plant after crossing the zeolite channel according other examined factors of loaded wastewater was studied. For this purpose, values of indicators such as PH, temperature, TSS, TDS, of loading wastewater was used as known values and factors such as EC, and COD were considered as unknown values. Correlation coefficient was used to predict wastewater quality parameters. Then curve fitting approach was used to consider several linear and non- linear models to simulate this correlation. This method was used to find the correlation coefficients between exceeding COD and EC and other loaded factors from industrial wastewater. The results of forecasting models in the calibration phase and the results of their validation process were used to select the appropriate model.
Performance of models, were studied according to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Then, curve fitting approach used to achieve a simulation model on relationship between the normalized data of exceeded daily COD and loaded TDS on previous day. Several linear and non linear models based on curve fitting approach used to find a simulation model for defining the relationship between the normalized data of exceeded daily COD and loaded TDS at previous day. Then cluster analysis and the fuzzy inference system applied to improve the simulation of this relationship. The best correlation coefficient and p-vale were obtained between the exceeded values of EC and the loaded values of TSS for each day. Equations could be shown as follow:CODE (t)= F(TDSL(t))(2)
ECE(t)= F(TSSL(t)) (3)
The correlation coefficients of COD with TDS, and COD with TSS were 83% and 90%, respectively. Because measuring TDS is easier than the TSS then equation 2 was selected to estimate COD.
ARIMA models results offered the log time of one day have the best relationship than other models. Daily changes in TSS and TDS according to their value of the one day before predicted. This model predicted EC(E) and COD(t) through TSS(L) and TDS(t-1). As a result, the decision maker could be having the optimization analysis by means of practical strategies to change the collection network or Zeolite filtration capacity.
CODE(t)= F(TDS L(t-1))(4) ECE(t)= F (TSS L(t-1)) (5)
After that curve fitting approach with and without normalized data were used, to achieve a function of CODE(t) based on TDSL(t-1) and ECE(t) with TSSL(t-1). These approaches couldn’t improve the regression coefficient of each linear and nonlinear function too. Weak relationships between CODE(t) and TDSL(t-1) is the cause of how data distribution which are illustrated in figure3. As shown in table 4 it was assumed that this trend has the fuzzy behavior and using the fuzzy inference systems (FIS) model was appropriate to simulate this distribution. Therefore, at first the membership functions of input (TDS (t-1)) and output (COD (t)) variables in Mamdini approach was defined based on the average of each class.
Result and discussionWith the study purposes of achieving the appropriate model of variability of TDS(L), TSS(L), and exceeded COD(E), EC(E), no significant correlation coefficient were obtained by analyzing approaches such as multivariate, curve fitting with linear and nonlinear models, time series, and clustering with and without normalized data. Therefore, the results of classification were utilized to define the mean and range of each membership function for input variables TDS(t-1) and the output COD(t).
As noticed, fuzzy roles describe data distributions of input and output variables which other deterministic models couldn’t consider subject matter. Feature of fuzzy roles in this point caused a good conformity with estimated and measured values of exceeded COD(t) with R2 = 0.76. As a result, fuzzy behavior assumption of data distribution was admitted. The result of simulation model showed that data distribution of input variables TDS(t-1) and the output COD(t) function was similar to S shape curve. It could be refer to Zeolite channels filtering capacity.
FIS simulation model had good corresponding with distribution of measured and observed data of COD (t) R2 = 0.76. As seen in figurer 3 and 4, Zeolite filtering capacity may be affected by other factors. Low input of TDS observed when rainfall occurred, so entering wastewater content and loaded TDS affected by runoff.
The result of simulation model showed that a certain range of TDS exists in which Zeolite could be effective. In this study, TDS threshold occurred in 1746ppm in which COD is equal to 52. Result obtained in this study indicated that, fixed value of soluble solids concentration on mass transfer of wastewater entering the treatment plant had important role in the effectiveness of Zeolite filtration.
As seen in figurer 4c and 5, while loaded TDS was low and high, then exceeded COD was high and low or closed to standard level, respectively. This result indicated that Zeolite filtering capacity maybe affected by other factors. Low input of TDS observed when rainfall occurred, so entering wastewater content and loaded TDS affected by runoff. In the other word, while the volume of wastewater increased during this period, TDS values decreased.
In this condition, loaded wastewater was more than daily filtering capacity of Zeolite Channel. Although TDS values were low, the volume of wastewater entering to the treatment plant was high then Zeolite channel could not operate its ion exchange capacity appropriately. Its filtering operation was better when a few wastewaters with more TDS value entered to the Zeolite channel. Finally, this result could be achieved that to manage wastewater treatment loaded amount of pollutants and mass transfer of wastewater trough Zeolite channel should be controlled together.
The best regression coefficient of EC(E) with the TSS(L) was less than 0.5. Curve fitting approaches could not improve the regression coefficient of each linear and nonlinear function too. Based on the results of clustering analysis the ranges of ECE(t) and TSSL(t-1) variables classified into three major classes. FIS simulation model had not good corresponding with distribution of measured and observed data of ECE (t).

The discharge wastewater of hospital into surface and groundwater to be provide the major risks and challenges for the human. So, this study is an attempt to be examined the treatment and disposal of hospital wastewater status in Kermanshah Province in 2011-12. This study is a descriptive - analytic study was conducted that included all hospitals in Kermanshah province (19 private and public hospitals). Tools and methods of data collection through the Czech list (including 18 questions about general and specific information on the status of hospital treatment and sewage disposal) that were matched with the person. Finally the resulting data were recorded in the form of tables and graphs. The results showed that total of 19 hospitals, 7 hospitals (36.8% of all hospitals) have a wastewater treatment system in use (active), 5 hospitals (24.4%) with a wastewater treatment system inactive and 7 Hospital (36.8 %) do not have a wastewater treatment plant. According to numerous risks that humans and the environment are faced with result in hospital wastewater discharged into municipal sewers, so the lack of wastewater treatment in 12 hospitals (63.15%) is concerned. So getting policies for the construction of wastewater treatment systems in all hospital and operation by companies and professionals in the field, chlorinated raw sewage (wastewater treated if possible) to reduce pollution entering the collection and treatment network House of sewage, Adequately monitor the health authorities, water companies and other related organizations are alternatives that can be very effective to meet the standards required in a hospital and Environmental Management System (ISO14000) in set of management processes to improve the quality adjustment of hospital waste.

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are vital infrastructures for ensuring the human and environmental health. Environmental protection، preventing contamination of underground water resources and promoting public health، are the reasons that the WWTPs systems are one of the most important elements in the civilized societies. Failures in WWTPs operation may lead to adverse outcomes such as untreated wastes exclusion from WWTPs containing various chemical and biological pollutants and their entry into the urban environments and agricultural lands. That can lead to serious crises such as outbreaks of contagious diseases in the community. Hence، assessing the potential risks in WWTPs and designing the prevention and mitigation plans are necessary. In this paper، an algorithm has been proposed for risk assessment and management of WWTPs. In the proposed algorithm، the risk of a specific element of a WWTP is calculated by multiplying three parameters comprising probability of failure، intensity of probable damages، and vulnerability of element. The aforementioned parameters is quantified by means of experts and policy-m ke s’ viewpoints which are elicited from questionnaires. Based on the values of operational risk elements (probability، intensity، and vulnerability)، different mitigation or prevention plans could be proposed to reduce risks. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on the Tehran South WWTP as a case study and earthquake risk in «biogas tanks» and the explosion risk in «disinfection units» gained first and second rank in the results، respectively. Result of this study shows that the proposed algorithm can be employed by managers and policy-makers of WWTPs as a robust and practical decision-making tool.

In order to achieve sustainable development, along with implementation of energy management systems in wastewater treatment plants and reduce energy consumption, must try to offset all or part of the energy consumption of sewage treatment facility from potential of wastewater for energy production. Currently, biogas production in anaerobic reactors, microalgae cultivate and microbial fuel cell are known methods of producing energy simultaneous with wastewater treatment. Several parameters involve in the process of producing energy from wastewaters. Therefore, selection of optimal processes, is complex and difficult. First step is recognition of criteria and evaluate their effectiveness. In this research, prioritization and selection of the best option for energy producing method based on technical, economical, management and environmental criteria were done based on AHP method and experts judgment with special emphasis on the countrys infrastructure. Finally, the priorities determined as anaerobic treatment with 0.540, microalgae with 0.330 and microbial fuel cell with 0.130 weight.

The generated sludge during regular water treatment processes is one of the most important residues of the water treatment plants, which is produced daily in the noticeable amounts. The main purpose of this study is feasibility study of discharging this sludge into municipal wastewater system containing the wastewater collection and transmission network and the treatment plants, with the aim of its effective environmental management via prohibiting its direct discharge into the environment in one hand, and benefiting its advantages in the mentioned system.

Detergent is one of the main environmental pollutants which can penetrate into wastewater treatment plants and negatively affect their performance. Detergents have a direct and indirect effect on human health and other living organisms. For this reason, their effects need to be managed and controlled. Wastewater containing detergents is a renewable resource that can be recycled and reused. The treatment of this type of wastewater is very challenging due to its complex composition, the large volume of discharge into the environment caused by the increase in the use of detergents with the increase in the global population. In this article, the types of synthetic surfactants and their effects on human health and the environment, the characteristics of wastewater containing detergents considering the source of production, the methods of wastewater treatment containing surfactants and the studies conducted in this regard are reviewed. In the following, the economic review of wastewater treatment containing detergents and the challenges and future perspectives of wastewater treatment processes containing surfactants are also stated.

Construction of wastewater treatment plant, if energy and water resources are recovered, can justify some undesirable effects such as greenhouse gas emissions. sludge management and treatment is one of  the most complex and costly parts of  treatment  plants  that can cover  up  to  60%  of  initial capital  and  operation  costs of  a  wastewater  treatment  plant. Considering the importance of reducing energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants as an environmental  and  economic  point  of  view,  some investigations  have  done  to construct and modify wastewater plants worldwide in order to the self-sufficiency of energy supply recently year. This article is a practical study that the costs of capital and energy consumption were analyzed in comparison with other processes for MLE1 process with aerobic digestion in wastewater treatment plant in east of Mashhad with flow rate of 80000 m3/d. The results show that energy consumption in this system is about 2 times of similar wastewater treatment plants with optimal process. Also, however, the energy level will decrease from 1 kwh/m3 to 0.58 kwh/m3 with the change of aerobic digestion to anaerobic, but it is necessary to use of CHP system for decrease of energy consumption and recovery in comparison with constructed or optimized of wastewater treatment plants in worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention in selecting the process of liquid and sludge section in wastewater treatment plants under studying or optimizing wastewater treatment plants built in the country because of the numerous benefits of reducing energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants, in order to be self-sufficient in energy supply.

In the wastewater treatment industry, the general attentionis mostly paidto the effluent quality standards. Regardless of energy consumption, the treatment plants have been designed based on experience rather than the latest scientific findings.The treatment plants are considered as a part of energy equipment which largely consumed electrical energy.Thus, electricity is the great part of the costs of plant utilization so that 25% -40% of the total costs of the wastewater treatment process is related to energy supplies. Therefore, energy is regarded as an important factor in treatment plant costs.This has caused designers to adopt new methods to reduce energy consumption. The study in 2010 indicated that 50 – 60% of energyconsumed by treatment plants is related to the aeration process. Nowadays, due to the rapid population growth along with recent advances in technology and industry, the amount of pollution has been increased. In addition, environmental standards for effluent quality and its recycling process for different utilization have become much stricter. What was mentioned above increases energy consumption. Hence,energy efficiency, effectiveness of the plan and the utilized equipment and technologies, energy recovery processes and effective cost management has been recently considered more seriously. Additionally, enhancement ofenergy efficiency, which means a further reduction in energy consumption, greenhouse gases production and operation costs of wastewater treatment plants,has become more important.The principal concern of the wastewater industry has always been measures to meet water quality standards in order to keep public trust.Thus,wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are usually designed to meet certain effluent requirements, without major energy consideration. Wastewater treatment plants are generally very energy-intensive and expensive to operate. WWTPs are hardly designed forenergy efficiency in mind. Their design and operation areoften based on intuition and experience, rather than on optimal trajectories or set points. The amount of energy consumed by treatment plants is counted as a major factor todetermineoptimum performance. Moreover, due to the fact that the treatment plant system of industrial zones is energy consuming. Theenergy subsidies have been cut and water and electricity tariffs have been raised, thus, energy management has become far more important. Todesign treatment plant equipment, it is necessary to adopt approaches which lead to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency. Knowledge ofthe real operating efficiency of WWPTs is the starting point for any energy saving initiative.
A study was conducted in 2012 in Sweden on WWTPs energy consumption in which aeration was controlled to reduce energy consumption in a treatment plant to employ activated sludge which affected the amount of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the aeration process, and equally the results from treatment process. The amount of energy consumed by treatment plants depends on air flow rate and consequently the rate of oxygen consumption. The rate of oxygen consumption in the activated sludge system is changed by changing the concentration of ammonium or ammonia in the effluent. Therefore,reduction inthe amount of ammonium in the effluent, have reduced air flow rate and consequently the rate of oxygen and the amount of electricity consumption. A study in 2011 in Spain performed on the factors affecting the plant energy consumption. The results indicated that the average amount of energy consumed by WWTPs depends on the input quality parameters, treatment technology, effluent quality and the size of the plant. Furthermore, the amount of energy consumed by smaller plants per unit area is higher compared withthe larger plants.
In an article in 2012, the amount of energy consumption was studied in each physical unit. This study found that there is a strong relationship between biological activity and demand for electricity. In 2013, a study conducted to optimize pumps performance and aeration process in treatment plants. The results suggested that the pumping stations and the aeration in activated sludge process are the most energy consuming parts in treatment plants which consume 22% and 42% of electrical energy, respectively. Thus, in order to reduce energy consumption, the pumps performance should be improved and aeration processes should be optimized.
In the present study, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of industrial zone of Nasirabad was studied which works with a combination of Up flow Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (UABR) system and Integrated Fixed Activated Sludge (IFAS).
Material and The aim of this paper is to calculate the electrical energy in different processes for industrial wastewater treatment plants and also to estimate effective electrical energy to remove1 Kg COD. To this end, Nasir Abad industrial wastewater treatment plant was investigated on the basis of energy.The treatment process includes up flow Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(UABR) coupled with Intergraded Fixed/Film Activated Sludge(IFAS) reactors. The present study was conducted using statistical methods and data collectionthrough observation and field study of wastewater treatment plant of industrial town of Nasirabad. Data wereanalyzed through drawing tables and charts in Excel along with making engineering judgment.
In order to study electrical energy consumption in treatment plant of the industrial zone of Nasirabad, theelectricity bills for different months of 2012 and2013are checked.Theaverage daily electrical energy consumptions per 1cubic meter of wastewater ascalculated during these years were 9.42Kwh and9.73 KWh, respectively. Energy consumption varies at different times of day. Thus, electrical energy falls in three categories namely Peak Load, Medium Load, and Low Load periods. According to the table,thePeak Load was set up by the Electricity Distribution Company of Mazandaran province, Iran. Thus,12 hours out of 24 hours a day is considered to be the Medium Load, 6 hours is considered to be the Low Load, and the remaining 6 hours is considered to be the Peak Load period. However, the beginning and ending time of the each group varies from season to season. The electrical energy consumption relatedto each group (Peak Load, Medium Load, and Low Load periods) is multiplied by the correspondingtimes and the sum is considered as the electrical energy consumption relating to the period.
The electromechanical equipment of plant in each unit was examined separately and the energy consumption for each unit was evaluated. The units consist of Pumping station, Grit and grease removal tank, equalization tank, Aeration tank, sand filter, disinfectant system, sludge storage, and filter press. The electrical energy obtained from electrical bills includes the energy consumed by the treatment plant equipment, control room, laboratory, and electrical lighting. In this study, the energy used in the treatment plant units wasconsidered as effective energy and the one used in the sections outside of the units was considered as ineffective energy. For exactspecification ofthe energy consumed by the units (the effective energy) and ineffective energy, the electro mechanic equipment should be examined. Therefore, the field study on the treatment plant of the industrial town of Nasirabad was conducted and different treatment processes were examined. The inflow discharge entered into the treatment plant was approximately 620 m3/day. In order to measure the amount of electrical energy used to remove one kilogram COD, the input and output COD were achieved in mg/lit. The entire procedure of the sampling and testing wasperformed according to the instructions and guidelines provided in the standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Giventhe fact that the average inflow discharge was in m3/day, the removed COD was defined in Kg/day and the effective energy was in Kwh/ m3, the amount of energy per 1 kilogram COD is in Kw. In this WWTP, about %32 of total electrical energy were used for aeration purposes and about %43 in sludge treatment equipment and %25 in primary treatment, disinfectant system and etc. The influent wasmeasured 620 cubic meter for day and the pump efficiency was assumed %80.The effective daily electrical energy as the energy used in the treatment process was 5.6 Kwh. The non-effective electrical energy that used in other process in Nasirabadindustrial wastewater treatment plant for the years of 2012 and 2013 were calculated 3.82Kwhand4.13kWh. In addition, the amount of electrical energy per 1 kilogram of the removed chemical oxygen demand (COD) was obtained.The use of energy for removing 1 kg COD for the years of 2012 and 2013were equal to 2.68Kwh and 2.5 Kwh.
Based onthe obtained results, it can be concluded that energy consumption is not effectively managed in the treatment plant of Nasirabadand that efficientuse ofelectrical energy,make it possible to preserve electrical energy sources as a national asset and also for considerableeconomization. Moreover, the effective aeration optimization of the pumps and blowers performance in the aeration basin is an important tool to minimize energy consumption in WWPTs. This is a tool to control the aeration system for aeration is a costly process and closely linked to energy consumption. Therefore, theefforts to reduce the overall energy use in WWTPs have largely concentrated on improvement of pumping and optimization aeration.The sludge management and reduction should be considered more seriously. The electrical energy consumed in pumps and blowers has a direct relationship with the rate of aeration in the basins and the level of pressure drop. More appropriateoptimization of aeration units, effectivemanagement ofthem and use ofthe methods such as employing ultrasonic waves and sending them to the wastewater treatment system, which can change the chemical structure and the size of the particulate organic matters, will increase the rate of biological treatment process and consequently the wastewater treatment.Furthermore, the rate of aeration and electrical energy consumption will be reduced. Additionally, by using these waves, a huge amount of excess sludge will be reduced and, therefore, less electrical energy will be consumed for sludge equipment. Moreover, if treatment plants designed in a way that the produced electrical energy and sludge treatment in anaerobic sector can be utilized to generate electrical energy, the treatment plants remarkably gain sufficient independence from energy sources. Thus, it can be possible to save more electrical energy. With regard to the importance of energy and its related issues, rising prices and reduction of energy supplies, the effective managerial approaches should be adopted to reduce energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, experts and designers of wastewater treatment plants should more seriously consider the amount of energy wasted in the processes as well as enhance energy efficiency. Furthermore, improving energy independence in WWTPs can be effective for energy saving. It is concluded that according to usage of energy in plants equipment and increase inenergy prices, management of energy consumption should be considered more seriously.

Hospital wastewater contains a variety of pollutants, a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive materials, etc., which unless treated and disposed properly, can cause serious damage to human beings and the environment. The purposes of this study are to investigate the wastewater treatment and disposal conditions and the effluent quality in Guilan hospitals.In this study, besides the investigation of wastewater management conditions in Guilan hospitals with wastewater treatment plants, the sewage treatment performance was assessed in one of the hospitals. Qualitative indicators including total coliform, fecal coliform, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, total phosphate, ammonia, nitrate and silver in the effluent were assessed and the lab results were compared to the standards of Iran Department of Environment.According to statistical results, 10 out of the 34 studied Guilan hospitals have active wastewater treatment systems. Furthermore, the qualitative assessment showed that pH, COD, BOD5, DO, phosphate, nitrate, silver, total coliform and fecal coliform levels in the hospital conform to the standards of Iran Department of Environment. However, reduction of ammonia and TSS levels should be considered. A number of hospitals in Guilan do not have wastewater treatment plant and their wastewater is discharged into municipal wastewater collection systems or drains. On the other hand, a number of hospitals with wastewater treatment plants do not work properly. Therefore, it is important to consider executive decisions regarding new wastewater treatment technologies and upgrading treatment process in existing wastewater treatment plants.