Great sturgeon is one of the most economically important species. However, in recent years overfishing, illegal fishing, etc., have resulted in severe declines in the stocks of this species. For conservation, stock of this species, determination of gonadal situation and its gonadal growth exchanges is very important. This paper is a histological approach to gonadal staging in 74 Huso huso in the 4 – and - 5 - year old classes. The fishes were reared in brackish water concert tanks under controlled conditions. A small section of the gonads of each fish was removed by biopsy. The gonadal tissue was fixed in buoin solution. They were dehydrated in different diluted solutions of alcohol and chloroform until they were clear. Then they were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 7 µm and stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. Of the four-year old fish, %56 and %44 were males and females, respectively. %6 of males were at stage I %11 stage I-II %61 stage II %13 stage II-III %11 stage III-IV and %8 were at stage IV-V. %3 of the females were at unknown stage %3 stage I %11 stage I-II %60 stage II %14 stage II-III and 9% stage III. Of the 5 year old fish, %12.5 of males were at stage II % 25 stages II-III %50 stages III and %12.5 were at stage IV. %62.5 of females were at stage II and %37.5 were at stage II-III. Results of this study Compared with those obtained from fishes of the same age class studied in natural habitats as well as the results obtained for the farmed sturgeons from freshwater medium indicate that there is no similarly in the stage of gonadal development in different conditions. Longest stage in tow sexes was stage II that is longer in females, and passing of stage II in males is faster. Males showed more sexual maturity than females. Gonadic growth in culture medium is faster than wild condition, and it is faster in brackish water than fresh water. So, we can state that brackish water is a suitable medium for gonadic growth of Great sturgeon.

In this study, gonad structure and oogenesis of ghost crab were studied based on macroscopic and microscopic analyses from January 2016 to February 2017. Female crabs were collected from sandy beach of Salahk port, Qeshm Island, monthly. In the laboratory, the crabs’ ovaries were dissected and prepared for histology. Based on external and morphological features, gonad developmental stages were investigated and afterwards each stage was microscopically described. According to the results, six ovarian developmental stages were recognized including: stage I: immature, stage II: rudimentary, stage III: developing, stage IV: intermediate, stage V: advanced, stage VI: spent. During oogenesis, the number of oocytes in secondary growth increased in the ovaries which was associated with a change in coloration and increase in the gonad volume. Oocytes growth process was classified in six stages: early primary growth, late primary growth, early secondary growth, mid-secondary growth, late secondary growth, and full-growth. According to results, shaping of perinuclear yolk complex observed just in late primary growth stage. Furthermore, starting of second growth was simultaneous to appearing of yolk globules in ooplasm. Also, most of oocytes were visible as light pink in full-Grown stage.

Drought is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the productivity of crop plants around the world. It has substantial influence on the growth condition, morphological structure and physiology and biochemistry of plants. Deficit irrigation strategy and planting crops with low water requirements and low expectations, for example, Kochia is very important under drought stress. Kochia is a salt- and drought-tolerant species that can be grown on drought soils, yielding fodder in quantities approaching that produced by alfalfa. Farmers in some arid areas of the world have already begun to cultivate Kochia as a salt-tolerant forage crop on lands where other crops are difficult to grow; accordingly, Kochia has been called ‘‘the poor man’s alfalfa’’.
Drought stress decreases the rate of photosynthesis. Limiting factors in photosynthesis under environmental stresses is the two groups, stomatal limiting factors (Transpiration, stomatal conductance and co2 sub-stomatal) and non- stomatal limiting factors (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and etc.). Plants grown under drought condition have a lower stomatal conductance in order to conserve water. Consequently, CO2 fixation is reduced and photosynthetic rate decreases, resulting in less assimilate production for growth and yield of plants. Diffusive resistance of the stomata to CO2 entry probably is the main factor limiting photosynthesis under drought. Furthermore, drought stress lead to oxidative stress in the plant cell. Drought stress caused a large decline in the chlorophyll a content, the chlorophyll b content, and the total chlorophyll content in most plants. The decrease in chlorophyll under drought stress is mainly the result of damage to chloroplasts caused by active oxygen species. One of the most often employed parameters is maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), which gives the information about the proportion of the light absorbed by chlorophyll in PSII that is used in photochemical processes that it decreased under stress conditions. The aim of this greenhouse study was investigating some stomatal and non- stomatal limiting factors in photosynthesis rate and biomass of Kochia under drought stress conditions.
To comparison the photosynthetic parameters of kochia under drought stress, a pot experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with three replications in University of Ferdowsi in 2013. There were 9 treatments included control (no drought), light drought stress during the vegetative phase, heavy drought stress during the vegetative phase, light drought stress during the reproductive phase, heavy drought stress during the reproductive phase, light drought stress during the vegetative phase and heavy drought stress during the reproductive phase, heavy drought stress during the vegetative phase and light drought stress during the reproductive phase, light drought stress during total growth period and heavy drought stress during total growth period. Photosynthetic parameters including photosynthesis rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, Co2 sub stomatal (by IRGA, Model LCA4), PWUE, SPAD (by SPAD, 502, Japan), chlorophyll content (with spectrophotometer model 6305 by Arnon's method), chlorophyll fluorescence components (chlorophyll fluorescence meter model OSL-FL) and biomass were measured. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and FLSD test were performed using SAS ver. 9.1 software.
Results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content and SPAD under drought stress conditions were lower than the control treatment. Effect of drought stress was significant on chlorophyll fluorescence indices so that maximum quantum yield of photosystem II declined significantly due to increasing of initial fluorescence (Fo) and decreasing of maximum fluorescence (Fm). Transpiration, stomatal conductance and co2 sub-stomatal did not differ significantly from control. Photosynthetic rate also decreased in drought stress at different growth stages. The most and lowest of biomass observed in control and heavy drought stress during growth period, respectively.
Conclusions :Finally, this study showed that stomatal parameters (Transpiration, stomatal conductance and CO2 sub-stomatal) shown the same reaction under stress and non- stress conditions. Even under heavy drought stress, this plant is able to hold open stomata and maintain the continuity of CO2 absorption that it refers to the high resistance of Kochia. Therefore stomatal limiting factors didn’t have role in limit photosynthesis. Unlike stomatal limiting factors, non- stomatal factors had a significant positive correlation with photosynthesis rate and a decrease in each of them reduces photosynthesis rate.

In this study, three harvesting methods of sugar beet, including semi-mechanized, multi-stage mechanized and single-stage mechanized (by combine) in Khorasan Razavi province (Jovein town) were compared from the view of some technical factors. The total losses of sugar beet, including the weight of cut crown beets, damaged beets and unharvested healthy beets were 1944 kg ha-1 (i.e. 3% of yield), for for multi-stage method; for  single-stage and semi-mechanized methods this figure reduced to 542 and 454 kg ha-1 respectively. The highest increase in soil compaction in terms of cone index was measured for the single-stage method followed by the multi-stage method. The fuel consumption in the single-stage and semi-mechanized methods were 25% and 33% of the fuel consumption in multi-stage mechanized method. Energy consumption in single-stage and semi-mechanized methods was  less than what had been consumed in  multi-stage method,  24% and 34% respectively. Results also showed that single-stage mechanized (combine) harvesting method, compareing with two other methods, had relative advantages, except in soil compaction, for which some technical optimizations would be needed.

By holding a definitive judgment, normally the trial transfers from one phase of proceedings to the next one. For example, in the case of holding the judgment of non-acceptance of action or the judgment in the merit of the case by the court of first instance, the case enters in new phase by appeal of condemned party. In these cases, the trial transfers from one phase into another one according to evaluative effect of appeal. But holding the definitive judgment does not necessarily result in transferring the trial from one phase to another one. For example, in cases where the court of first instance’s injunction, would be invalidated by the court of appeal and consequently the case return to court of first instance, it could be recognized that the holding of the definitive judgment, by the court of first instance could not result in termination of one phase of trial and opening of a new one. Consequently, the trial which is pursued after reversal of any form of injunctions is regarded as continuation of former trial. It is noteworthy that pronouncing a judgment in merit of a case doesn't necessarily results in transfer of trial from one phase to another one. In fact, by reversal of a judgment by higher courts, it reveals that trial of inferior court had not been finished and it must be continued. Controversies arise between Iranian lawyers in respect of regarding rehearing as a new phase of trial or continuity of former trial. There are many evidences that confirm latter theory, including automatic reversal of contested award after rehearing of absent party or necessity of protection of procedural rights of parties in the first session of trial. For practical reasons, the second section of this article is dedicated to effects of continuity of trial on responsibilities of courts and rights and obligations of parties. In respect of first title, one of the responsibilities of courts is observation of reasonable deadline of trial. In this regard, if trial of first instance and rehearing proceedings is considered as a unique trial, the whole time of trial would be considered as criterion of recognition of reasonable deadline by the court. Accordingly, competence of court is affected by continuity of trial. In accordance with Art. 26 of Iranian Civil Procedure Code, the competence of court is evaluated in time of statement of petition. Consequently, in case of reversal of injunction of court of first instance by the appeal court, the competence of former court is measured by time of petition, not reversal of judgment or return of petition. Similarly, the impeachment of the judge may be affected by the continuity of trial. One of the main reasons of impeachment of judge in Iranian Law is former pronouncing on the merit of the case by the judge (Art. 91 Iranian Civil Procedure Code). Consequently, if we consider the retrial of the inferior court, after the reversal of the injunction by the higher jurisdictions, a new trial, the former proceeding may impede the judge from later hearing of the case. The continuity of proceeding affects the responsibility of court to form new session and to pronounce new judgment on the matter. If we consider rehearing as a new phase of trial, the judge must pronounce a new judgment and could not only uphold the former judgment. Additionally, the rights and responsibilities of parties may be affected by continuity of proceedings. In cases where the statement of petition is limited to a deadline, the continuity of proceeding affects the validity of petition. If we consider the trial of inferior court, after reversal of its judgment by higher court, as a new trial, the time of statement of new petition may consider as the criterion of acceptance of petition. The continuity of proceedings affects mainly the rights and obligations of parties in the first session of proceedings. In the case of continuity of an unique trial, reopening of a case in the same court, don't result in revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of the trial, because of fact that first session had been formed before the reversal of judgment. In contrary, reopening of a case in same court, in different phases does cause the revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of this trial.

The most common impression techniques used in fixed prosthodontics are one and two step with spacer. Sometimes impression details are not registered and as a result, use of second wash would be necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of second wash of speedex impression material on dimensional accuracy of stone model in one and two stage impression techniques. In this experimental study, two metallic dies (with and without undercut) were used. Impressions were made using four techniques (one step, one step with second wash, two steps, and two steps with second wash). For each technique the impression taking was repeated 15 times and totally 60 impressions were provided. Impressions were poured with Vel-mix stone. Height and diameter for each die as well as distances between the dies were measured by sterio microscope and data were analyzed using ANOVA and T-tests.This study showed that in all four techniques height of dies with undercut was increased, but in the two step technique, the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.282). In one step and two step with second wash technique, heights of dies without undercut were increased, while in the other two techniques they were decreased. In two step technique, diameters of the two dies were increased, while in other techniques they were decreased. In the two step technique, the distance between the dies was decreased, mean while other techniques did not show any increase and the differences were not statistically significant (p<0.05).The two step technique was more accurate than the other techniques. The one step with second wash technique was more accurate than one step technique. The use of two step with second wash technique is not recommended in fixed partial dentures, but in single crowns it can be used only with special considerations.

In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time for maximum aerial yield, essential oil yield and amount of thymol were investigated. Aerial parts of the plants were harvested at four stages including: beginning of flowering, 50% flowering, full flowering and fruit set and were dried in the shade. The results showed that different harvesting stages had significant effects on all evaluated traits. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield occurred at full flowering stage and the highest essential oil percentage was recorded at 50% flowering. Interaction effect of year and different harvesting stages showed that the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield (3083 and 68.61 kg/ha respectively) were recorded at full flowering stage in the second year. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil percentage was observed at 50% flowering and the year had no significant effect on this trait. The essential oil was mainly consisted of six components, among them thymol was dominant at four harvesting stages. The highest amount of thymol was obtained from beginning of flowering stage (85.9%) which had significant difference compared to other stages. The second dominant component was carvacrol at fruit set which showed significant difference compared to other stages. The maximum amount of P-cymene, 1,8-cineole and δ-terpinene were recorded at 50% flowering stage (3.4, 1.4 and 1.8% respectively). Borneole was also dominant (2.53%) at fruit set. In conclusion, full flowering stage was identified as the best time for harvesting of T. daenensis to achieve the maximum aerial yield, essential oil and thymol yield.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the important medicinal and industrial herbs in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which, in addition to multiple drugs use. The quality and quantity of the active ingredient of medicinal plants are affected by the applied crop. Light is recognized as one of the most important factors in competition in ecosystems. Nitrogen is the first element that has a shortage in arid and semi-arid areas due to lack of soil organic matter.  Since the use of maximum environmental capacity and the most suitable growing conditions in order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield and maximize productivity, it is important for agricultural management. The aim of this research was to investigate different cultivars to determine the most suitable culture for planting, optimum use of chemical fertilizers and determine their best time for increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield under Zabol climatic conditions. A split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Zabol University during the growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments experiment included two levels of planting directions (North-South, East-West) as the main plot and the split of nitrogen fertilizer from the source of urea in four levels (1/3 per planting, 1/3 four-leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation; 1/2 post planting, 1/2 four-leaf stage; 1/2 four-leaf stage, 1/2 stem elongation; 1/3 four-leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 flowering stage) as a sub-plot. Ecological parameters such as light, at the end of the flowering stage, Biochemical characteristics and yield were measured at the end of the growing season. Analysis of variance done by software SAS ver. 9.1 and comparison of means treatment by Duncan test at 0.05 level.  The results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction of planting directions and nitrogen fertilizer split exception for the traits vitamin c, for all traits measured is very significant. Based on the results of the comparison of means treatments showed that all traits had the highest amount in the planting directions (north-south). The highest dry sepal yield (784 kg.ha-1) and anthocyanin (2.98 mg.g-1) were obtained from north-south planting. The correct timing of fertilizer use is more important than the total amount of fertilizer used. Split timing of nitrogen application for the use of 1/3 four-leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation stage, 1/3 flowering stage, increased the qualitative and functional characteristics of roselle. The effect of Interaction planting direction and splitting of fertilizer was significant on carotenoid, the highest of carotenoid was obtained at north-south with an application nitrogen fertilizer at 1/3 four-leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 Flowering stage (0.36 mg.g-1).   In general, the results of this research showed that for planting directions North-South, using better ecological factors such as light, temperature, nutrients, and followed by application of nitrogen fertilizer, split in four-leaf stage, stem elongation, flowering Improvement of growth, an increase of yield and quality of sepal in the Roselle plant. Since nitrogen is one of the most effective elements in increasing the quality yield of medicinal plants, optimum management of nitrogen as a split application at times that are more adapted to the critical stages of the plant's needs. It is recommended to achieve sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Most growers do not pay attention to the issue of proper nutrition, including the proper ratio of elements in the nutrient solution and changing the concentration of each element and their ratio at different stages growth. Lack of available information in this regard, in the present study, it has been decided to evaluate the effect of different ratios of nitrogen and potassium on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato fruit under hydroponic conditions. The balance of nutrients in the culture medium is one of the factors affecting the yield and quality of crops and horticulture. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of nitrogen and potassium on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Hirad tomato fruit in hydroponic conditions.

Treatments include concentrations of nitrogen and potassium in the vegetative and reproductive period including 1) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 130 and 250 ppm in the vegetative stage and 160 and 350 ppm in the reproductive stage; 2) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 140 and 260 ppm in the vegetative stage and 170 and 360 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively; 3) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 150 and 270 ppm in the vegetative stage and 180 and 370 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively; and 4) nitrogen and potassium were at concentrations of 160 and 280 ppm in the vegetative stage and 190 and 380 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively.

The results showed that the nutrition of tomato plant with different ratios of nitrogen and potassium affects different characteristics of the plant such as quantitative and qualitative indicators. The highest stem diameter value was obtained in the vegetative and reproductive stages in treatment 3. Treatment 2 showed the highest yield of single plant, total acid and fruit lycopene, and in treatment 4, the highest amount of fruit chlorophyll and soluble solids was observed.

Also, the highest ascorbic acid content was obtained in treatment 1.In general, in order to achieve maximum yield and improve the quality of tomato fruit, it is recommended to use more potassium and less nitrogen.