Considering the different dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior in organizations, it can help incresing productivity and growth that is one of the main goals of any organization and lead to creative and innovative thinking about value creation in the organization. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the purpose of ranking and comparing the factors which affect organizational entrepreneurial behavior in Parsian Gas Refinery Company’s deputy offices and independent units. This research has been considered applied in terms of aim and descriptive survey in terms of design. The population of interest was comprised of the managers, supervisors, and staff members of Parsian Gas Refinery Company, adding up to 385 people, of whom 169 were selected as the sample of the study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was administered using stratified sampling method. The results obtained through investigating the hypotheses by means of multi-dimensional scaling showed that independent units and Engineering Deputy Office act similarly in terms of factors affecting entrepreneurial behavior. Operations Deputy Office acts quite differently from independent units and Engineering Deputy Office in this regard. In addition, Administrative and Support Deputy Office also acts differently from Operations Deputy Office as well as independent units and Engineering Deputy Office. Finally, we have concluded with presenting the results of ranking deputy offices and independent units based on factors affecting entrepreneurial behavior.

The purpose of this study was to measure the constructive validity of authentic educational courage, which in past researches was not paid much attention to it, and this tool was validated in students and graduates of Iran's higher education system. The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was cross-sectional. The research population was all the students and graduates of different academic courses of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of the country in 6 provinces of the three northern, middle and southern regions in the 2011-2020 years The sample size of the research subject based on the five dimensions of the mentioned structure, for at least 100 people for each dimension, finally considering the adequacy of the sample size was 636 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The research tool was a demographic information form and a researcher-made questionnaire of authentic educational courage with 23 real final states, which whose psychometric indicators were examined. The data were analyzed and validated by the symmetric rank multidimensional scaling method. The coordinates used to form the distance matrix of the points were taken directly from the output of the network analysis under the lwmds algorithm. The results of the research showed that according to the opinion of experts and specialists in the authentic educational courage construct, number of 9 states that were not compatible with external objective facts and rational logic were removed from the final questionnaire and finally 23 states out of 32 possible states were kept for it. This tool has five two level dimensions were including dimensions of goal (with two levels of functional learning and mastery learning), cognitive covert action (with two levels without mindfulness/unrealistic evaluation and mindfulness /real evaluation), emotional-functional overt action (with two levels of cowardice and bravely), response continuity (with two levels of non-continuity of response and continuity of response) and originality of response (with two levels of inauthentic/non-integrity of behavior and authentic/integrity of behavior), which whose validity is confirmed by the opinion of experts and specialists and its reliability is supported by the three-dimensional model selected from all the dimension for the exploratory definition of the authentic educational courage construct, after the complete fitting of the mentioned model with the experimental data obtained from the questionnaire items and the membership of each point to one of the levels of the five dimension was confirmed. The results of this study indicated the appropriate validity of the authentic educational courage construct in the studied sample. Therefore, it seems that this tool can be used as a basis for measuring authentic educational courage of learners by experts and researchers, especially in the field of educational sciences.

The present study investigated the psychometric characteristics of Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. A descriptive method using survey was used to select 507 students from a population of 92249 3rd, 4th and 5th grade elementary school children in the City of Mashhad during the 2009 – 2010 academic year. Research tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds & Richmond, 1978), Children's Depression Scale (Kovacs, 1977) and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for children (March, 1997). Data analysis showed that test-retest reliability and internal consistency for the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for children was 0.48 and 0.79 respectively. Also, the relationship between this scale and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Children's Depression Scale were 0.38 and 0.02 respectively which indicates convergent and divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the four factor model of Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children's in the Iranian community is a good fit. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale has favorable psychometric properties in the Iranian community and is a useful screening instrument for identifying children with anxiety disorders.

It is conventional to use multi-dimensional indexing structures to accelerate search operations in content-based image retrieval systems. Many efforts have been done in order to develop multi-dimensional indexing structures so far. In most practical applications of image retrieval, high-dimensional feature vectors are required, but current multi-dimensional indexing structures lose their efficiency with growth of dimensions. Increase in dimensions of data space leads to exponentially growth of the search space and increase of the number of nodes in multi-dimensional indexing structure, as well as increase in overlap between nodes in multi-dimensional indexing structures. These problems lead to increase in cost of search through indexing structure and therefore to reduction in efficiency of these structures in high-dimensional spaces. The main goal of this research is to propose a divisive hierarchical clustering-based multi-dimensional indexing structure in order to manage high-dimensional feature vectors extracted from images, which also prevents overlapping in its structure.Various tests and analyses of experimental results on high-dimensional datasets indicate the performance of our proposed method in comparison with others.

The current literature on mental health and individual's well-being is richen by a plenty of investigations about religious/spiritual components. Regarding the importance of the role of religious/spiritual factors in the individual's well-being and also the importance of it's assessment, this study was carried out to investigate the psychometric properties of Farsi Version of Multidimensionl Inventory for Religious-Spiritual Well-Being. A sample of 320 undergraduate students (204 girls and 116 boys) from Tabriz University who were selected by multi-level clustering method, participated in the study. These students were asked to complete the Multidimensionl Inventory for Religious-Spiritual Well-Being (MI RSWB 48), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Problem Solving Styles (PSS), and Alport's External/Internal Religious Orientation Scale (AIERO). Findings showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.81) for total score of MI RSWB 48 and it's factors (0.57 to 0.86). Also, results supported concorrent as well as predictive validity of Farsi version of MI RSWB 48. According to the reliability and validity scores reported above, it seemes that MI RWSB 48 has satisfactory psychometric properties in Iranian university students sample and it is usefull assessment tool in the current mental health programs based on religious spiritual well-being.

Everyday functioning is an important outcome for studies of the developmental psychopathology of adolescence. An unbiased, well-validated, and easy-to-use instrument to specifically assess normal adolescent functioning is not yet available. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate factorial structure of Farsi version of the Multidimensional Adolescent Functioning Scale. 479 adolescences (234 boys and 245 girls), who were selected through multistage sampling, completed the Multidimensional Adolescent Functioning Scale. The confirmatory factor analysis method was used to compute the MAFS factorial validity. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the hypothesized 3-factor structure consisted on general functioning, family related functioning and peer related functioning fits well to the MAFS data. Internal consistency for the MAFS scales was good. In conclusion, the MAFS is instrument with good psychometric properties, which could be suitable for a broad range of future research application, especially when a multidimensional and unbiased indication of normal adolescent functioning is required.

Based the results of previous research studies, four types of teleworking were proposed that were assumed to be compatible with the four organizational cultures. Via a rich literature review, the factors involved in the formation of teleworking were added to the conceptual model and their congruence with the Iranian organizations were measured through two stages of pragmatic and scientific talent via the Delphi technique. The telework industry indicators were determined via a questionnaire that was administered to a snowball sample selected from the population of experienced teleworkers, teleworker managers, and the scientific community that is normally associated with teleworking. Comparison of the similarity of each aspect of the factors with types of organizational cultures supported the similarity among them. The research data were analyzed using SPSS software and the Multidimensional Scaling Technology rendering four types of teleworking based on the distance matrix and determining the coordinates of each of the indicators on the dimensions of the model of competitive values ​​model (control dimension - flexibility and focus on intraocularization outside the organization). The results showed that organizational culture significantly influences the way teleworking works, and that teleworking is a multi-dimensional structure whose precise execution depends on the context. This implies the necessity of telecommunication modalities to be implemented in order to take advantage of the organization from an ecological point of view.

Multi-dimensional measuring of attitudes toward people with disabilities leads to a better understanding of this concept and provides the foundation for design and implementation of appropriate interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Attitudes towards People with Disabilities in 2015.
This cross-sectional study aimed at validating the test. The study population consisted of all students who were educating at the University of Isfahan in the academic year of 2014-15. From this community, a sample of 150 students )69 boys and 81 girls( were selected. The multi-stage random cluster sampling method was used in such a way that three faculties of University of Isfahan were selected, and then 5 classes were randomly selected from among classes in each college. After that, students were asked to answer questionnaires. The research data collection instruments were the Multidimensional Scale of Attitudes towards People with Disabilities (MAS) and the questionnaire of demographic characteristics. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, factor analysis,and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
The results obtained from specialists’ ideas indicated that the scale enjoys appropriate formal and content validity. Correlation coefficient of items with the total score in 23 items was significant and ranged from 0.48 to 0.53. The results of factor analysis indicated that the scale has been saturated with three factors (Affects, Cognitions & Behaviors) explaining totally 41.3% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the subscales ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 and the total alpha coefficient was equal to 0.83. Split-half alpha coefficient for the subscales ranged from 0.65 to 0.82 and 0.71 was the total alpha coefficient. Retest coefficients for the subscales ranged from 0.53 to 0.61 and the total alpha coefficient was equal to 0.65 and showed appropriate validity of the MAS in the Iranian population.
According to the results obtained from the present study, it seems that the Persian version of the MAS enjoys acceptable psychometric properties and it can be used for assessing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components.