Seepage is one of the main reasons of slopes destructions. In slopes, due to fluctuations of groundwater depth or water level in an earth dam, a channel or river, gradient of seepage exceeds its critical value and the boiling phenomenon happens. In this study, the performance of geogrid plates in controlling the boiling of slope due to rising of groundwater level or drawdown of channel water surface was investigated using an experimental model. Geogrid plates with three lengths of 10, 15 and 20 cm and spacings of 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm were placed in the slope. The experiments were carried out at different depths of groundwater and channel water. Results showed that in the best model of geogrid (plates with 20 cm length and spacing of 1 cm) gradient of boiling increased 71.5 and 236 percent due to ascending of groundwater and descending of channel water conditions, respectively as compared to the control model. By increasing the length of plates or reducing the spacing between the plates, gradient of boiling increased. In all plates with different spacings, the number of non-occurrence of boiling in the descending condition of the channel water was less than that in the ascending condition of the groundwater. This is due to the simultaneous effects of hydrostatic and pore water pressure of the saturated soil of upper layers. In the ascending condition of the groundwater, boiling occurred mostly in the relative water depths equal to 0.167 and 0.333. In the descending of channel water conditions, critical status happened when the groundwater level was high.

One of the main reasons of destruction of the coastal slopesand riverbanks is failure of side slopes under the rising water table or sliding of the side slopes under the drawdown of channel water. In this research, effect of variations of water table and channel water level (peak and drawdown conditions of flood, respectively) on the piping of coastal slopes was studied and effect of cutoff wall on the phenomenonwas investigated. Experiments were conducted in a seepage tank having a trapezoidal cross-section with the side slope of 1.5% and 0.58 mm mean diameter of the particles. Cutoff wall was fixed in the relative depths Z/d=0.5, 0.67, 0.83 and 1 (Z is the depth of cutoff wall and d is the depth of channel). Results of peak conditions of flood (rising the water table), under controled experiment showed the relative channel water level was equal to y/d=0.7. In the experiment with cutoff wall Z/d=1 and without occurrance of piping, exit flow gradient was decreased approximately 41 present with respect to the control experiment. Piping was occurred only in the relative channel water level equal to y/d=0.167. Results of drawdown conditions of flood showed, piping phenomenon occured in the all channel water level. In the experiments with cutoff wall, in the cases with high water table, despite of existence of cutoff wall, increasing the exit flow gradient caused piping phenomenon in the all of the experiments because of increasing hydraulic head. Other wise, in the experiment with the relative water table equal to h/d=0.933, piping was occurred in the all depths of cutoff.

Textual or intermediate media is the physical channel of communication provided by Paul ‎Simpson. This media is very closely related to the language of the text provided, so research into ‎the language of the Bible as a technical term is one of the basics. Understanding and interpreting ‎it is an important and at the same time new subject. Although many researches have been done in ‎this field, they have not given a comprehensive and sufficient answer to this issue. Due to its ‎importance, in order to eliminate the ambiguities and shortcomings in this theoretical and ‎fundamental research, the issue has been addressed by content analysis method. The necessary ‎information has been collected in a documentary and library manner, and then by analyzing the ‎available findings, it was concluded that the textual media of the Qur'an is more in line with the ‎style of speech for the reasons presented, and although in The language of the Old Testament is ‎not controversial but corresponds to the writing style of the documentation provided‏.‏

In this study, fetus samples were collected randomly from 200 pregnant goats which were slaughtered at Tabriz abattoir during autumn. The age of collected fetuses was calculated by the formula X=2.74 Y.15 proposed by Gull et al. After opening the abdominal cavity of the fetuses at different ages, the location of the testicles in the abdominal cavity and the time of their descent into the scrotum were investigated. Macroscopic studies indicated that the first testicular migration coincides with mesonephrous degeneration in 45 days old fetuses. At the age of 59 days, the mesonephrous is completely diminished and the remains of the mesonephric duct changed to epididymis. At this age, the gubernacular tissue is inflated and expanded. In days 89, testis is seen in the middle of the inguinal canal and until day 106 of pregnancy it descents from final of the inguinal canal into the opening of the scrotum. At the age of 153 days (birth time) complete descent of the testis into the scrotum takes place. On the basis of the results of the present study it can be concluded that the location of testis in the goat is similar to cattle, sheep, horse and humans at birth and its descent into scrotum follows retraction and degeneration of the gubernacular tissue.

One of the principal methods to improve water productivity in irrigation network is to use the suitable distribution of water. In this research، the distribution of water in Doroodzan dam irrigation network was evaluated using 14 years of data (1996-2010). This irrigation network is located in northwest of Fars province and distributes stored water in Droodzan dam. Distribution of water between Hamoon، Ordibehesht، Left side Principal and Abarj canals was studied. Monthly distribution of water showed that in April and May، inflow in canals are high، in November they are low and in February there is no water in canals. The index of delivered water per unit area of land must be equal between canals. The lowest amount of this index was 0. 19 (l. s-1. ha-1) for Hamoon canal and the highest amount was 0. 37 (l. s-1. ha-1) for Abraj canal. The results showed that Hamon canal compared to others received less water per unit area and Abarj canal، received the highest amount of water per unit area. It was recommended that the water must be distributed between canals by equal amounts per unit area on volumetric basis based on crop water requirements.

Irrigation canals, as one of the most important structures of irrigation networks, have a significant role in reducing seepage losses and increasing the water conveyance efficiency. This research was conducted from 2016 to 2018 in irrigation networks of Khuzestan province. In this research, in order to determine the distribution efficiency, the input-output flow method was used with the use of a propeller velocity meter. To have a rational comparison between canals with different dimensions and capacities, the ratio of losses to inlet discharge per kilometer of canal reach has been considered as an evaluating parameter. In total, 26 concrete trapezoidal canal reaches and 17 semi-elliptical prefabricated channel reaches have been studied. The studied canal reaches were located in Omidieh, Andimeshk, Gotvand, Behbahan, Hamidieh, Dezful, Shoosh, Shooshtar, Ramshir, Ahvaz, Bavi and Shadegan, counties of Khuzestan province. Results showed that distribution network efficiency changes from 38.9% to 99.7% for both canals and semi-elliptical channels. The seepage losses per kilometer of canal length varied from 20.92 to 12454.10 m3/day. Maximum and minimum values of seepage losses relative to inlet discharge for concrete trapezoidal reaches were 0.35% and 61.76%, respectively. In prefabricated channels, the average length of studied reaches, conveyance efficiency and seepage losses per kilometer of channel were 978 m, 84.3%, 2133.11 m3/day and 17.18%, respectively. Using t-test method for concrete trapezoidal canals and semi-elliptical channels showed that the amount of seepage losses per kilometer of canal length in a trapezoidal concrete channel with a value of 1920.05 m3/day has no significant differences compared to prefabricated channel with a value of 2133.11 m3/day. The calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients showed that any increase or decrease in the parameters of the discharge and velocity, as well as the amount of time interval, does not lead to significant changes in the process of conveyance efficiency.

The dividing streamline can be defined as a portion of flow from main canals that entering intake channel. The dividing streamline extends far out into the main channel near the bed and stays near the main channel wall at the water surface and so a large portion of bed load can enter to the lateral intake channel. In this study four experiments include: submerged vanes with intake, spur dike with intake and using simultaneous spur dike submerged vanes in front of intake and without any structure in front of intake channel. Results showed that by using a set of vanes, the dividing to streamline move near intake channel near the bed and extend far out at the water surface. At discharge ratio of 0.18, width of the separation zone is 34 percent of main channel width and by using simultaneous spur dike and submerged vanes, it decreases to 4 percent. Furthermore, by adding a single spur dike to the set of vanes, the efficiency of vanes increases and also due to reducing the dividing streamline expansion to the main channel, sediment movement to lateral intake decreased.

Study of water depth variations in downstream of channel junctions, in order to get suitable situations in intakes, is necessary. In this research, analytical model for investigation of different hydraulic and geometrical factors on water depth variations at downstream of the four-branch junction with subcritical flow were presented and results were compared with experimental data. The results showed that as inlet discharge ratio, ratio of height of weir at the end of lateral channel to the height of weir at end of main channel , bed level of lateral channels and the height of outlet weirs increased, water depth in main outlet channel increased too. Increase of Froude number in the main inlet channel caused decrease of the water depth in the main outlet channel. As change of junction angle, quantity of the discharge turned into the main outlet channel changed which affected the water depth so that maximum water depth occurred for angle of 90 degrees and decreased as junction angle decreased. Comparison of the results for analytical and experimental models about flow depth in downstream channel showed a good agreement so that maximum error was less than 10%.
Due to the importance of this phenomenon, researchers around the world have focused and lots of experimental and analytical studies have been carried out in this case. Researches were mostly about three-branch junctions and there was less study about four-branch junctions. Teylor (1994) was the first person studied open channel flow by analytical model and simulated water depth into lateral channel. Rivie’re et al. (2011) studied flow in four-branch channel experimentally and extended one-dimensional model for flow distribution and compared experimental results with analytical. In this research, analytical model for investigation of different hydraulic and geometrical factors on water depth variations at downstream of the four-branch junction with subcritical flow were presented and results were compared with experimental data. The suggested analytical model was one-dimensional and base on mass, energy and momentum conservation laws with some hypothesis such as: Inlet and outlet flows were considered as uniform; Flow was vertically uniform; Pressure was hydrostatic in channels; Energy and momentum coefficients were considered 1; Head losses due to friction of wall and bed, also, due to turbulence and shear stress were ignored. Considering variables, in order to solve problem, 6 equations were needed: two energy equations, two momentum and two stage-discharge equations. For solving equation systems (6 equations and 6 unknown variables) MATLAB 2011 was used. Experimental study was carried out in hydraulic lab of Tabriz University, Iran. Length of the main channel was 8.4 m and the lateral channel was 2.4 m. Width and height of the both channels was 0.4m and 0.5m, respectively. The slope of the channels was zero. In order to measure of discharge weirs used, which were installed at first and end of the channel. In the experiments, height of weirs considered 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25 cm and the discharge ratio was 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.
Results showed that as increasing of discharge ratio, water depth in outlet main channel increased. When inlet discharge ratio increased, the flow that deviated into the outlet main channel increased that leads to increase of water depth. Amount of the error in prediction of the water depth by analytical models was less than 10%. Increase of the height of the weirs at the end of the outlet channels caused increase of water depth. The error of the predicted water depth also was less than 10%. As increasing , deviated flow into the outlet lateral channel decreased while the deviated flow into the outlet main channel increased and therefore the water depth increased. The amount of the error for prediction of water depth by analytical was about 5%. Expanding the bed channel of the outlet lateral caused decrease of deviated flow into the outlet lateral channel that leads to increase of the deviated flow into outlet main channel and increase of water depth. Also, increasing the Froude number of the outlet main channel, flow velocity increased and water depth decreased. Maximum water depth in outlet main channel observed for the angle of 90 degrees and minimum water depth happened when the angle of the channel junctions was 60 degrees.