Although the private sector is recognized as one principal component of the economic structure of nations, it is not in place in the economy of Iran. However, according to the resource curse theory, this so-called political and rich-resourced economy should move to a more diversified economy. This study aims to investigate the acceptance procedures through which the shift can be facilitated and accelerated. All in all, 19 interviews were conducted with the private sector practitioners and faculty members to collect data under the domination of the constructive grounded theory. The results of this study indicate that the tripolar of accountable government, observer civil society, and ethical private sector should be formed so that the effective application of strategies could benefit from “the acceptance nexus,” i.e., legitimacy, participation, support, and communication through consciousness, assuming responsibility, and communication management. By providing some must-do practices for the “agency” of government, civil society, and the private sector in the current institutional “structure,” this research contributes to the current understanding of acceptance. Conducting a middle-range theory, this study tries to shed more light on the behavioral contributions in the problem-solving processes by providing an emerging view of the acceptance in the terrain of the private sector.

Today, scientific research on the types of Nexus, especially the water- energy- food Nexus as the driver of improving the welfare of society, is expanding. Since the Nexus approach is relatively new and requires the cooperation of several fields, explaining the concepts, its literature review, with a special focus on the water- energy- food Nexus is essential. This article aims to express Nexus approach simple and clear, by a detailed review of several related articles from 2011 to 2021. Articles were reviewed and categorized by year, source variety, and topic. So the outline of the formation of the Nexus approach, water- energy- food Nexus and the questions raised about this approach were codified in a way that provides a practical insight for policy making. In general, the Nexus approach, especially the water- energy- food Nexus which creates a very complex system and must be considered from a political, social and economic perspective, is difficult to implement. However, the Nexus approach is transitioning to an important component of development planning, and its success requires the guidance of strategic policies and institutional structures in multilevel governance. It seems that countries need to reform their governance structures in line with the Nexus approach. Another issue that has been considered in this article is the difference between the Water- Energy- Food Nexus approach with the approach of integrated water resources management. Due to the similarities, there are doubts about the need to move from integrated water resources management to Water- Energy- Food Nexus.

Background and Propose:

 Due to the world's population grows, water, energy and food supply will be one of the most important challenges in the future. The predictions show the water, energy, and food crisis in the future of Iran and the world. The aim of this study is to review the global challenges as well as challenges in Iran in providing the required water, energy and food resources in the coming years for human societies. The water, energy and food nexus is an overall vision of sustainability that seeks to strike a balance between different goals, interests and needs of people and the environment. The water, energy, and food nexus can be a guide for sustainable development policy in the country to overcome the environmental and water crises in the future.

In this study, while reviewing the researches conducted regarding the water, energy and food nexus in Iran and the world, it has investigated the challenges and the necessity of investigating this nexus in Iran and the world.

Among the results of this research, the main challenges in the implementation of water, energy and food nexus in Iran can be mentioned, which include: sectorial policies and lack of integrated management, lack of financial resources to carry out projects related to water, energy and food nexus, lack of related information sources and lack of drafting upstream laws in the field of development of water, energy and food nexus.

In the end, among the conclusions of this study, it is possible to point out suggestions for the development of water, energy, and food nexus, which include: development of cooperation and coordination of all related bodies, including ministries, Islamic Council, universities, associations, companies, determining an institution for policy making and reaching a common consensus, creating and developing the infrastructure of the clearing market of affiliates, developing the digital economy for the development of new technologies related to implementation correlation plans for water, energy and food nexus, land preparation and systematic assessment of natural, social, economic and cultural factors. The reviews and results of this review article can unravel the problems predicted in the future of Iran and the world through correct management and policy.

The approach of water, energy and food correlation can be defined as an approach to evaluate the development and implementation of policies that emphasize the security of these things at the same time. The purpose of this research is to provide a method to analyze the relationship between water, food and energy in the crop production chain. Based on the proposed method and according to the amount of water and energy consumption, four indicators of water and energy consumption and water and energy productivity, and also based on these indicators, a combined index of water, food and energy nexus is proposed. This research has conducted on the Borkhor plain of Isfahan province and the MODFLOW model has used to simulate the watershed quantitatively and since the objective functions in this study are linear, multi-objective linear programming was chosen to solve the optimization problem. The goal of solving the optimization problem is 4 scenarios of water consumption minimization, energy consumption minimization, profit maximization, as well as water, food and energy maximization scenario. The results show that although each of the scenarios alone reflect the positive effects of reducing water and electricity consumption, but by using the scenario of combining water, food and energy, in addition to reducing water and electricity consumption, farmers' profits have also increased significantly, so that the amount of water consumption before optimization was 50 million cubic meters per year, but after optimization and applying the scenario of maximizing the correlation of water, food and energy, it decreased by 8% and reached 46 million cubic meters per year, and the amount of consumption Energy decreased by 9.7% from 13150330 kilowatt hours per year to 11867563 kilowatt hours per year and in addition, the profitability of the products before optimization was 6301966 million Rials, which after applying the scenario of correlation of water, food and energy with 21 The percentage of increase reached 8015264 million rials and on the other hand, with the continuation of the optimal scenario, the level of underground water in the state of maximizing the correlation of water, food and energy will decrease by 0.478 meters less than the existing conditions and and on the other hand, by continuing this trend in the long term, we will see a significant impact on the level of underground water.

Candidal vulvovaginitis occurs in female genital by the over growth of candida especially candida albicans. This infection may be resistant to therapy and occasionally becomes chronic. In some patients, this form of infection is recurrent. Moreover, discovering new antifungal drugs and the use of these drugs in new methods encourage mycologists to use these techniques. Therefore, according to the above methods, this research investigated effects of several common antifungal drugs with the use of combination methods against candida species isolated from chronic candidal vulvovaginitis. This study carried out on 19 strains of candida albicans that were isolated from recurrent vulvovaginitis. The effects of clotrimazole, miconazole, fluconazole were assessed separately and in combination with amphotericin B on candida albicans using micro dilution methods. The mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of clotrimazole, miconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin B were 7.05, 10.7,47, and 0.6 µgr/ml, respectively after 48 hours incubating. Then, the azole antifungal drugs were evaluated in combination with amphotericin B. The two combinations of fluconazole + amphotericin and miconazole + amphotericin with the Fungicidal Inhibitory Concentrations (FIC) of 0.6 and 1, respectively, attracted the most attentions. In addition, comparing the antifungal effects, the most effective drug was amphotericin B with the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of 1.18. In this study, amphotericin B with the least MIC had the best antifungal effect. The most and the least synergic effects of combination therapy were for fluconazole + amphotericin B and Miconazole + amphotericin B, respectively.

2-phenylethanol is a colorless and aromatic compound with antimicrobial effects which is used extensively in perfumes and cosmetics, as well as in the food industry. Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis is a vulvovaginal inflammation which is caused by Candida spp. Resistance to clotrimazole which is one of the most common drugs in the treatment of this disease was reported in many patients. In order to improve the treatment, the effect of 2-phenyl ethanol was investigated in combination with clotrimazole on Candida species isolated from chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis.
This interventional study was performed in Iran University of Medical Sciences from February, 2016 until December, 2016 on Candida species isolated from women with chronic candidial vulvovaginitis who had been referred to Lolagar Hospital of Tehran. All specimens were examined by direct microscopy, culturing on Candida CHROMagar medium (to primary identification), sabouraud dextrose agar medium) to preservation the isolates) and determining the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence (in order to final determination of Candida species). Then clotrimazole and 2-phenyl ethanol alone and in combination, was examined on isolated species, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 protocol (micro-broth dilution method). Finally, findings were analyzed.
From 40 detected strains of Candida species in this study, 95% were Candida albicans and 5% were Candida africana. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of clotrimazole were 24.73±28.87 µg/ml and 30.18±33.004 µg/ml, respectively and the mean MIC and MFC of 2-phenylethanol were 2580±932.38 µg/ml and 3200±1403.29 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of clotrimazole were 16 and 64 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of 2-phenylethanol were both 3200 µg/ml. Most of the isolates were resistant to clotrimazole (82.5%). In combination test, the mean MIC of 2-phenylethanol and clotrimazole alone were 3200±0 µg/ml and 56±40.16 µg/ml, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) range was 0.14-0.37. Also, there was a significant difference between clotrimazole MIC values alone and in combination (P= 0.021).
The synergistic effect was observed in combination of clotrimazole and 2-phenylethanol.

In Iran, the Permian-Triassic sediments are located in the northeastern part of Hambast Mountain, 60 km south-east of Abadeh city. One of the unique features of these sediments is the existence of complete outcrops from the middle Permian to the Upper Permian, which makes it possible to fully investigate the incidents at the end of middle Permian. The study area includes two stratigraphic sections in the Hambast valley, including Unit 3 of Surmag Formation (Capitanian) ,Abadeh Formation (Capitanian) , including Unit 4a, Unit 4b and Unit 5, and the Primary part of the Hambast Formation (Wuchiapingian) . Based on studies done on 380 microscopic thin sections, 10 sedimentary microfacies include Bioclastic Sponng Spicule Wackestone , Bioclastic Staffelid Packstone , Hemigordiopside Wackestone , Bioclastic Wackestone / Packstone , Algal Wackestone , Ostracod Wackestone , Fenestral Bioclastic Wackeston , Stromatolite Wackestone , Dolostone , Mudstone , were identified. These microfacies are related to unlimited lagoon and tidal zone that have been deposited in a platform of homoclinal ramp type.

The occurrence of natural hazards is always associated with severe damage in the agricultural sector, especially in small-scale farming exploitation units. One of the approaches to deal with these damages is to use the approach of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in the management decisions of these units. Therefore, the present research was carried out with the aim of analyzing the mechanisms of linking water, energy and food in small-scale farming exploitation units in Hamadan province. The statistical sample of the research was 300 active farmers in small-scale farming exploitation units (below 10 hectares) which were determined by the rule of Cochran formula and sampling was done by cluster method. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the content validity of which was confirmed by a panel of agricultural experts and faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Development and Management at the University of Tehran. In addition, the reliability of research’s tool was confirmed through internal consistency procedure calculating Cronbach's alpha and CR (Cumulative Reliability) coefficients (Both above 0.7). Data analysis was carried out using SPSSwin25 and SMART PLS 3 software. The results showed that the overall nexus of water-energy and food from the six dual mechanisms of WEF the Energy or Food has received a more significant effect. According to the findings of the research, in order to strengthen the nexus approach of these vital resources, measures such as providing and introducing coherent and multilateral investment packages; providing training to farmers regarding synergy and unbreakable link of three sources in farm management and paying attention to this approach at different levels of the management system, from policy making and planning are suggested for field-level farm management decisions..

Due to the drought conditions and due to population growth and increased demand for food, today more than ever there is a need to improve water and energy efficiency. In recent years, water-scarce regions (WSRs) have faced many challenges in order to achieve sustainable economic development. Sustainable economic development in the agricultural sector of WSRs is possible by paying attention to the water-energy-food nexus (WEFN) concept. WEFN determined using consumption, physical productivity, and economic productivity criteria of water and energy resources. The present research was conducted in the study area of Sistan Plain for the crop year 2017-2018. Considering that no study has been conducted in this basin in the field of water and energy efficiency using the correlation approach. Therefore, the current research has determined the amount of economic and physical productivity (water and energy consumption) in this basin using a multi-objective planning model. Coding and solving the model has been done using GAMS software. According to the results of the implementation of the water-energy-food correlation model, it has led to an improvement in the efficiency of irrigation water consumption in the study area by 11.37%. According to the results of the model of economic productivity for energy consumption of inputs, strategic products to provide food security and CO2 greenhouse gas emission, respectively (14.3, 14. 1 and 16.02) percent were obtained. Also, the results of the proposed model showed that the physical productivity of water consumption in Sistan Plain has increased from 188899.5 kg/m3 to 211487.5 kg/m3. Therefore, the implementation of the WEFN correlation approach in the study area has led to the improvement of the economic and physical efficiency of water and energy consumption.