In Iranian law, civil liability is often defined as the duty of the importer of damage compensation and its preventive function is on the sidelines, while foresighting and preventing more economic, ethical and human damages. Is more. Moreover, civil liability does not only involve the assignee of the loss-maker, but also the loss-maker must strive to prevent and intensify the loss. Therefore, the rules of preventive liability require that in some cases the liability for damages resulting from the abandonment of pre-emptive action be inflicted upon itself. Accordingly, the question to be addressed in this article is what are the rules and institutions and mechanisms and safeguards in Iran's law on preventing harm, preventing it from continuing, and preventing it from continuing. What are the shortcomings of this field? " attachment of relief ", " provisional injunction ", " attachment of frivolous claim ", " attachment of Foreigners Claim", " attachment of execution in judgment by default ", " attachment of execution or Stopping Enforcement requesting for re-trial, third person objection, last resorte " And "stoppage of official document" and triple claims of Possessor Action, Action for Disturbance of Possession, Action for Right of Exploitation, the existence of various obligations for municipalities and government agencies to prevent harm caused by human agents, the vice-president of insurance systems, and social security. Ziandideh to refer to the importer of damages and to use the guarantees of law enforcement and criminal liability in the inefficiency of civil liability rules,

Nowadays, in most of legal systems »contributory negligence« is a one of the factors that entirely or partially divested injured from compensation with cut the causation between loss and harmful act. This article is seeking to analyzing Iranian and English legal systems, regarding to Acts and judicial precedent in police civil liability, about this subject (contributory negligence). In this regard, Iranian legal system in encountering police with guilty or accused people, requires Innocence of injured people as one of elements of police civil liability.
Additionally the approach of police and injured in creation of loss, has various Assumptions that contribute both of them in creation of loss, is the most complex among them. judicial precedent, also, don’t follow the one opinion and consider different issues like legal standards, wasted blood person etc; in terms of approach and negligence of injured and police.

Despite observation of regulations and precaution byauthorities and agents، sometimes other people incur a loss because of execution of legal order of senior authorities. This problem is separately discussed because that loss is caused by the order of senior authorities and the harmed person has no role in its occurrence. Also، that loss is peculiar to civil responsibility of the one in authority and is absent in other responsibilities such as those of doctors، producers of goods، and the like. In the latter، loss is caused by doctor’s and producer’s fault while loss in the former is caused neither by authorities’ nor the harmed person’s fault. The major problem، then، is how the government is supposed to approach this problem. Study of traditional rules of civil responsibility gives no general theory concerning indemnification of undo losses; hence، to bridge that gap، establishment of “Guaranteed fund of indemnification of losses of those who are harmed by terrorist activities، and crimes and accidents whose agent is unknown or taking compensation from the agent is impossible anyway” is proposed.

Compensation will serve as a lesson to the cause of damage and other members of society and will be a strong motivation to prevent harmful behavior in the future. Condemning rioters to pay damages is one of the ways to prevent street riots. According to many jurists, the main goal of compensation is to deter and prevent future losses, and restoring the previous situation is the next priority. The lack of a legal text causes the damages of riots not to be compensated, which, in addition to causing undue damage to the victim, distorts the necessary deterrence at the scene of the riots. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to draw legal solutions to compensate for the damages caused by riots as a preventive solution for the occurrence of riots. The method of achieving this goal is descriptive and analytical, and the collection of data and information is documents, scientific documents and questionnaires. The summary findings of the research indicate that the compensation order has a deterrent role in riots and the adoption of a law containing solutions and methods of compensation will be of great help in preventing riots and damages. According to the researchers of this research, issuing a compensation order can be a means to prevent the interference of foreign governments and a deterrent element in the behavior of parties, groups, managers and officials. Deprivation of the people involved in the disturbance and referral of the paying institutions to the cause of the loss are among the effective mechanisms in preventing the occurrence of losses. It also appears from the legal texts of other legal systems that compensation has been used as a tool to control and prevent riots.

Administrative losses and losses have been discussed as a part of the administration of affairs and violation of citizen’s rights paying attention to their compensation in adminstrative law has been accepted in the protection of citizen’s rights in many countries and Iran and Iraq are not exempt from this.In the country of Iran and Iraq,following the acceptance of the theory of fault in private law and criminal law,the administrative fault of government employees is dealt with within the framework of the judicial system and does not remain without compensation.The promblem of loss and damage, in the subject of compensation includes two parts,material and moral damage,which is dealt with in the judicial courts of Iran and Iraq in order to protect the rights of citizens,so the laws of the country of Iraq have many similarities with the laws of Iran in this respect,and the trial court with similar similar elements of Iranian law,it is responsible for dealing with administrative violations and compensating for losses caused by administrative actions to respect the rights of citizens.The purpose of this research is to investigate the compensation of the lossess in the protection of citizenship rights.Base on this the main questions of this list what are the basics of compensation for adminstrative losses and the protection of citizen’s rights?Using library resources and descriptive and analytical methods,while answering the above questions,it was stated that the basis of administrative losses is based on the civil responsibility of government employes,which can have in impact on the realization of citizenship rights,and its impact in undeniable

Three elements are needed to form civil responsibility: harm or injury, injured party, and connection between defendant and injury. The injury element is talked about in law and jurisprudence as “harm”. Present paper comparatively studies harm and its basis in environmental damages. The essential point is, damages occur when loss or waste of another’s property happens, therefore proving liability depends on proving that natural resources are considered property so that damaging them would constitute harm. Therefore discussing whether natural resources are property and consequently discussing their ownership is the first stage of discussion about liability regarding environmental damages. Accordingly, it is necessary to explore different kinds of harms, and then using general reasons and legal and jurisprudential information in national and international law, the question of natural resources being property could be debated. Among reasons to be cited are fatwas by Islamic jurisprudents in some Islamic rules which could prove natural resources to be property and then prove their ownership for public, using them, damaging these resources could result in liability.

Some of losses is doubtful jurists and lawyers, one of them is the loss of wasting the property. In this type of loss, property of others don’t waste direct(wasting) or indirect(causation)because of other’s action; but the injured party indused to spend some of his property by himself. According to basics of imamieh jurisprodience, the ability of recoveration of this loss is possible only by “la zarar” principle if we accept that this principle proves verdict. In the iranian law, there is no doubt in the ability of recoveration of this loss, by enacting the civil liabilty law,But this regulation in some instances of loss of wasted property has not been met with enthusiasm by precedent, such as damages surplus the Dieh.

Cyberspace has provided the ground for the emergence of a new generation of games, in the namely of virtual games, which are beyond the games and entertainment. Although the computer games, as a part of entertainment industry, are basically considered with cultural and economic approaches, what makes such games an attractive topic for law, is the possibility of buying and selling virtual goods and items within the context of games.In-game transactions associated with some challenges with the legal status of such transactions are the most important ones. In the meantime, what makes the validity of online transactions a challenging topic refers to the doubt on the vital elements of subject-matter of contract. Since everything occurs in a virtual environment, so the objects of transactions are intangible, and in fact, do not exist. Moreover, what purchased and sold are just beneficial and valuable for the game players through the game so that they have no function and benefit out of the game. This paper tries to have a legal analysis on virtual goods and items from the point of essential conditions for the validity of the object of transactions.