The technology of vertical farm for residential Buildings, is a common achievement of Biophilic architecture and Agriculture. The main goal of Urban Agriculture beside producing homemade crops to reach household economical hygiene via food security, is friendship with nature. The aim of this research is planning and evaluating smart vegetated surfaces necessity of House vertical farms, to produce some of crops in residential spaces, and hygiene environments of Iran. The study’s aim is practical and the methodology is quantitative- survey. The study’s data, were chosen between the first hand references that criterion could be adaptive to Iran climate situation; sufficient information for an appropriate qualitative study, correct statistical method and validity and reliability were mentioned. Six compilation throughout the theoretical aspects were chosen. The validity were proved by the Agriculture and Architectural planning professors. According to the obtained compilations, a researcher-made questioner have been distributed as pre exam between few members. After entering data with spss software the alpha’s Cronbach coefficient were 0.948; the reliable questioner were distributed between 100 agriculture engineers and agriculture economic engineers of Ministry Agriculture of Jihad. The results after t and t-sample test evaluated this technology efficient to mentioned crisis betterment, and a factor to improve quality of life. Friedman test were used in order to compare House vertical farm compilation. The approve of the agriculture economic engineers with the residential vertical farm technology, and the relation between the mentioned measurements and compilations, could consider suitable information for planning and developing the implementation of House vertical farm in urban habitant.

Light is an essential factor for growth and development in agricultural production. Vertical agriculture has been increasingly developed to produce leafy vegetables and herbs. High light consumption is the most important obstacle in the development of vertical farming system. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables and is suitable for growing in plant factories. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reveal the yield and dry matter production response of basil to add far-red light to the photosynthetic active spectrum, and finally to investigate the interaction of far-red light and daily light integral (DLI) on growth, morphology and light use efficiency in basil. The experiment was performed in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design. Treatments included daily light integral (DLI) at two levels of 6.4 and 10.8 (mol m-2 d-1), and far-red light at three levels of 0, 5 and 20% based on the light recipe of the LEDs DLI. The measured traits included morphological traits (fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and plants, plant height and leaf area), growth (specific leaf area (SLA), and partitioning to leaves), and determining the efficiency of light and radiation use efficiency. The results showed that the plant fresh and dry weight increased by far-red light at the level of 20% in high DLI conditions (10.8), which was due to the increase in stem fresh and dry weight. As a result, the partitioning to leaves decreased slightly, although it was not statistically significant. Similar to high DLI conditions, the plant fresh and dry weight increased with the addition of far-red light (5 and 20%) at low DLI conditions (6.4), but this increase was due to the increase in leaves fresh and dry weight, and eventually led to the more partitioning to leaves. SLA in plants grown in low DLI decreased significantly by decreasing the phytochrome stationary state (PSS) as a result of adding far-red light from 0.88 to 0.82, which was due to the increase in leaves dry matter. In this regard, in plants grown at high DLI, with decreasing the PSS as a result of adding far-red light from 0.88 to 0.85, the SLA did not change. In general, the response of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) seems to be more associated with increased stem height when plants grown under high DLI, and is more associated with increased leaf area and stem height when plants grown under low DLI and high levels of far-red light.

Increasing trend in global population and climate changes are driving forces to shift toward the use of vertical farms with artificial lighting (VFALs). The main downside of VFALs is inefficient electrical usage. High efficiency and economy cost of light-emitting diodes (LED) are going to make VFALs a promising type of farming in future. Each individual species needs unique light treatment in order to achieve maximal qualitative and quantitative production. Lamiaceae family includes plant species with high economic value and applications in medicinal and cosmetic industry.  In the present study, we selected six light treatments including LED (red, blue, red-blue (70:30), white), florescent, and natural light to evaluate metabolomic changes in two species of Lamiaceae family (mint and pennyroyal). At flowering stage, fresh leaves were collected from plants to analyze for metabolic constituents using Head Space sampling technique and GC-MS. The results indicated light treatment had effect on metabolic profile of mint and pennyroyal plants. It was found that the application of red-blue LED maximized the concentration of beneficial monoterpenes suggesting that the production of selected genotypes is possible in environments without natural light such as VFAL systems.

The dynamic response of soil on tillage tools, is an important factor in determining their performance. For a tractor with a certain size, a reduction in draft force, the working width and speed of tools can rise and result in increasing performance and reduce costs. Researches carried out in order to reduce the draft force led to design and build new tillage tools called Bent Leg and Parra plows. The dual bent blade sub-surface tillage tool was built and examined inspired by the shape of a bent leg. The researches indicated that the combination of a dual bent blade sub-surface tillage tool and chisel plow could be used in order to reduce draft force, loosen the seed bed by the chisel plow and wings, increase in soil disturbance area by the wings, and create a suitable space for root growth by chisel plow. Since the fuel consumption and traction power of tractor are the limiting factors for pulling tools in the soil. The rake angle of tillage tools is the penetration factor of the tools to the soil. It is necessary to determine the optimized rake and bend angles according to their effect on draft force and better penetration in soil. In this research, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimized points of wing geometry of winged chisel plow in order to minimize the draft and vertical forces of tillage tool.
Using the properties of dual bent blade subsurface tillage implement and chisel plow, the winged chisel plow was designed by Catia V5R20 software and was built in the workshop of mechanics of biosystems engineering department at Shiraz University. The effect of three factors of working depth of wing (5, 10, and 15 cm), bend angle (10, 20, and 30 degree), and rake angle (7.5, 15, and 22.5 degree) were analyzed on draft and vertical forces of wined chisel plow in soil bin of Karaj Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. The length, width, and depth of the soil bin were 24 m, 1.7 m, and 1 m, respectively. The most important issue was to study the main effects and interactions of factors. So, the Response Surface Methodology was selected. With the help of this statistical design, the numbers of experiments were reduced and all coefficients of quadratic regression and interaction factors were estimated. The experiments were conducted based on the central composite design considering three main surface including central and axial points for each factors. For each response the quadratic polynomial models were obtained using the multiple linear regression.
The results indicated that fitted quadratic model for draft force corresponded with the experimental data by determination coefficient of up to 94% (R2 0.94). Increasing the depth of wing, the contact with loosened soil decreased that led to failure in unloosened soil around the chisel blade and increase in pressure to the blade. The results showed that the effect of bend angle was significant on draft force and increasing the bend angle, the tip of wing located in deeper place so, the draft force was increased that was in line with previous researches. The effect of rake angle was not significant on the draft force and its effect on the model was positive and negligible which was reported positive and significant in previous works. The fitted quadratic model for vertical force corresponded with the test data by determination coefficient of up to 93% (R2 0.93). The effects of wing depth and bend angle were positively significant on the vertical force of the tool but the effect of rake angle was negligible. The increase in vertical force with increasing bend angle was further in deeper wing position. However, the impact of rake angle was seen in vertical force and the effect of bend angle was not significant in vertical force in rake angles of 7.5° and 15°, but it was significant in rake angle of 22.5°.
The draft and vertical forces were determined 3.43 and 1.31 kN, respectively, at optimum condition (wing depth of 5cm, bend angle of 11.1°, and rake angle of 19.46°). The proposed model to predict the dependent variables were very close to the results of obtained experimental findings. The wing depth and bend angle had positive and significant effects on draft and vertical forces but the effect of rake angle was positive and insignificant on both measured traits.

This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of using Constructed Wetland (CW) systems in removing nitrate and phosphate pollutants and salts from agricultural runoff. For this purpose, two Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCW) were used in series; one with horizontal flow and another with vertical flow.  These wetlands were first filled with gravel (2-3 mm in size) as a bed material with a height of  0.1 m (according to EPA recommendations). The drain pipes were then covered with a 0.2 m layer of 70:30 gravel–zeolite-clinoptilolite mixture. The systems were studied with and without planted phragmites australis (common reed), and their performance were investigated in terms of pollutant removal efficiency using agricultural runoff containing 12 dS.m-1 salinity, 80 mg.L-1 nitrate and 10 mg.L-1 phosphate. It was found that as pollutants continue to pass through the beds, the removal efficiency is reduced in wetlands with and without planted reed. The final efficiencies of hybrid HF–VF CW, VF–HF CW, VSFCW, and HSFCW models were calculated to be 69.39, 65.81, 73.57, and 94.75% in the wetland with planted reeds and 60.40, 57.16, 55.58, and 53.91% in the wetland without planted reed, respectively. Finally, it is concluded that the hybrid HF–VF CW with the presence of reed plant and with higher efficiency offers an acceptable level of nitrate, phosphate, and salt removal.

This study describes the design, construction and calibration of an adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer. The dynamometer frame design was based on an inverted U-shaped frame that was mounted between the tractor links and implement. The dynamometer frame design allows for use in both category I and II three-point hitch systems because of its flexibility in a lower point hitch spread and mast height adjustment. The dynamometer was designed to measure the maximum resultant horizontal and vertical forces of 50 kN and 30 kN, respectively. The force sensing elements comprised three steel extended octagonal ring transducers located between the frame and implement. Electrical resistance strain gauges were installed on the extended octagonal ring transducers at strain angle nodes to monitor draft and vertical forces independently at the ring center. The data acquisition system consisted of a DT800 programmable data logger and a laptop computer. Field tests on the dynamometer and data acquisition system showed that they were able to function effectively. The field experiments to collect data for evaluation of the three-point hitch dynamometer were done using a subsoiler. Field tests were conducted at soil moisture levels of 21.2 and 9.2% at two operating tillage depths with four replications. A T-test was utilized for mean comparison of the three-point hitch dynamometer and drawbar dynamometer data. A drawbar dynamometer was installed between the two tractors which the front tractor used to pull the tractor with a three point hitch dynamometer and the subsoiler connected to the dynamometer. The advantages of the three-point hitch dynamometer make it advisable for horizontal and vertical force components measurement at production fields for common agricultural tractors in Iran.

Today, the use of refined urban wastewater for agriculture is growing considerably. One of the methods for the natural treatment of wastewater is the constructed wetland. In this study, the effects of three and six days retention time on the vertical, horizontal and hybrid constructed wetland (first vertical and then horizontal) with perlite beds and Cyperus plants on the urban wastewater were investigated. In this study, horizontal wetlands were designed with 0.75 m width, 0.5 m depth and 6 m length; the vertical wetlands were designed as cylinders with a diameter of 0.7 m and the height of 1.2 m. On average, for the three days retention time, in the wetland with the vertical flow, 5the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 31.0, 36.7 and 56.3 percent, ammonium was 7.6, 32.7 and 37.8 percent, and the fecal coliform was decreased by 53.3, 93.4 and 96.9 percent, respectively. Also, during the six days retention time in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 45.7, 58.5 and 77.5 percent, ammonium was 16.8, 75.2 and 79.4 percent, and fecal coliform was decreased by 58.0, 97.5 and 99.0 percent, respectively. Overall, the results showed that constructed wetland with perlite beds and Cyperus plants had a good function in removing pollutants, especially fecal coliform.

SaThis experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of biofertilizers and corm direction in soil on agronomic traits of saffron as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University during 2010 to 2013. Treatments included corm direction in two levels (horizental and vertical) and biofertilizers (mycorrhiza, biophosphorous, and no use of biofertilizer or control). The results indicated that in both years of corm study, horizontal direction of saffron corm in soil was superior to vertical direction for corm diameter and number per square meter. Also, in first year, fresh weight of corms in horizontal direction of corms was 23.6% higher than vertical direction, but in second year, vertical direction caused more fresh weight of corm (6.3%) than the horizontal direction. In the first year, the most fresh and dry weight of corms was obtained in integrated treatment of mycorrhiza and horizontal direction of corms in soil. In second year, the most of these traits was observed in integrated treatment of biophosphorous and horizontal direction of corms in soil. Fresh and dry weight of flower and stigma increased in horizontal direction treatment compared to vertical direction of corms. Investigation of biofertilizer effect on fresh and dry weight of flower, petal and stigma showed that the highest and the lowest of these traits were in biophosphorous and mycorrhiza fertilizers, respectively. According to results, in both years of study of flower traits, the best treatment for dry weight of flower and petal and fresh weight of stigma was integrated treatment horizontal direction of corm under the application of biophosphorous fertilizer.

The compaction of agricultural soils is the main limitation to crop roots, leading to reduced yields for most agronomic crops. Soil compaction alters soil structure and limits water and air infiltration. The vertical penetrometer is commonly used to measure soil resistance, but it is time-consuming, costly, and challenging, which has limited its use in soil compaction mapping in vast fields. One of the methods introduced in the last decades is a continuous and on-the-go system to determine the compacted soil layer. This study aimed to measure the mechanical strength of soil at different soil depths using an on-the-go horizontal pneumatic sensor designed and fabricated. The stress calculations for the tine were performed first, followed by a stress analysis of the proposed tine stem using ANSYS software. Then, three conical nozzles at three depths (15, 30, and 45cm) were installed on the pneumatic sensor tine to inject airflow into the soil, and three pressure gauges measured the resistance to air permeability into the soil. The sensor was tested and compared with the standard vertical penetrometer in three replications. The comparison results specified that the sensor could show different soil compactions at various depths, even where a vertical penetrometer could not penetrate the soil. There was a significant relationship between the mechanical strength of soil and vertical penetration resistance (R2=0.73) at depths of 0-30cm. The air permeability resistance in the soil increased with the soil depth.